Developments in public health and welfare - chap 6

Question 1

Medieval era

What public health like in medieval era?

Answer 1

poor
* you could smell a town long before you could see it

Question 2

Medieval era

Why were towns worse than the country side?

Answer 2

• mortality was higher
• people lived close together, alongside their animals and their filth
• in Exeter you would enter by a bridge crossing a river known as ‘shitebrook’ - where the nightsoil men dumped their waste into the river

Question 3

Medieval era

What is an example of a clean medieval town, how?

Answer 3

Coventry
Coventry council made a consistent effort to clean up the city

Question 4

Medieval era

How did coventry attempt to clean the city?

Answer 4

1421 - mayor proclemation required that every man clean the street in front of their house every saturday or pay a 12 p fine (no exeptions)

Question 5

Medieval era

What were some other improvements in public health?

Answer 5

• Crusaders brought back soap from the Middle East to Europe
• Towns introduced quarantine laws to combat plague
• Towns had bath houses
• London produced about 50 tons of excrement per day, so muck-rakers were hired to clean the streets

Question 6

Medieval era

What was the extent of change during the medieval era?

Answer 6

Limited
* saw some Government action
* but cities were still not a healthy place to live:
* e.g in London - outbreaks of the plague many times

Question 7

Renaissance

What was public health like during the 16th and 17th century?

Answer 7

Poor
Multiple outbreaks of the plague - biggest one in 1665

Question 8

Renaissance

What were the attempts to improve public health?

Answer 8

• Henry VII passed a law forbidding slaughterhouses within cities or towns
• Henry VIII passed an Act of Parliament giving towns and cities the power to impose a tax in order to build sewers

Question 9

Renaissance

How many times did Elizabeth l bath a month?

Answer 9

once

Question 10

Renaissance

Who was Samuel and Elizabeth Pepys

Answer 10

• Samuel - a writer
• wrote that his wife (Elizabeth) wouldnt let him into bed unless he had washed

Question 11

Renaissance

Why was it impossible to keep towns + cities clean?

Answer 11

growing so fast
despite people making the link between dirt and disease

Question 12

Renaissance

What event led to new laws and improvements in public health?

Answer 12

Great fire of London - 1666

Question 13

Renaissance

What did the 1666 Act of Parliament aim to do?

Answer 13

Rebuild London with safer, more uniform buildings

Question 14

Renaissance

How did the new laws reduce fire risk?

Answer 14

• Wider streets
• stone houses
• tile/slate roofs

Question 15

Renaissance

What did later acts require?

Answer 15

• Clean streets
• remove dung
• ban pigs indoors

Question 16

Renaissance

What was the extent of change during the renaissance?

Answer 16

Some
* Government led action (only some)
* Improvements in buildings and streets
* Lack of effective sanitation
* Overcrowding

Question 17

Industrial era

What was the impact of industrialisation on public health?

Answer 17

People moved to cities - where the jobs were
few building regulations

Question 18

Industrial era

What philosophy did the government believe in, what did this mean?

Answer 18

laissez faire
it wasnt the governments responsibility to regulate things like:
* working conditions
* houses
* transport

Question 19

Industrial era

What was the result of the laissez faire philosophy?

Answer 19

working class housing was very poor
* 1842 - average age of death in Manchester - 17 (compared to 38 in rural Rutland)

Question 20

Industrial era

How much did the population of London soar due to industrialisation?

Answer 20

1801 - 957,000
1851 - 2,362,000
1901 - 4,536,000

Question 21

Industrial era

What was the name of Edwin Chadwicks report?

Answer 21

Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population

Question 22

Industrial era

What did Edwin Chadwick’s 1842 report reveal about poverty and health?

Answer 22

that poor living conditions (not laziness) caused poverty and ill health

Question 23

Industrial era

What key improvements did Chadwick recommend?

Answer 23

• Refuse removal
• proper sewers and clean water
• medical officer in each area

Question 24

Industrial era

What was the clean party, who opposed it?

Answer 24

those pushing for government action to improve conditions in towns (Chadwick was a member)
opposed by the ‘dirty party’ - MPs and others who opposed any such actions
* based on the monumental costs involved

Question 25

# Industrial era What was the **great clean up?**

Answer 25

**series** of * reforms * actions * laws aimed at improving **urban sanitation, reducing disease**, and making cities **healthier places to live**

Question 26

# Industrial era What were some **examples** of **actions taken** during the **great clean up?**

Answer 26

* **Building Sewers** (London started in 1858) * **Clean Water Supply** - Councils began piping clean water into homes, reducing the spread of waterborne diseases like cholera * **1848 Public Health Act** - allowed local councils to improve conditions in their town if they wiahed * **1875 Public Health Act** - made sanitation laws compulsory for all local councils (e.g made it compulsory for local councils to lay sewers)

Question 27

# Industrial era Who was **Sir Titus Salt?**

Answer 27

wealthy mill owner in Bradford

Question 28

# Industrial era How did **Salt contribute** to the **improvement** of **public health?**

Answer 28

built the model town of **Saltaire** to **improve workers' living conditions**: * planned village with **clean housing, fresh water**, and **good sanitation** * designed to keep workers **healthy** and away from **industrial pollution**

Question 29

# Industrial era Why is **Sir Titus Salt** an **important figure** in **public health improvements?**

Answer 29

proved that **better living conditions** could improve **health and productivity**, inspiring future urban reforms

Question 30

# Industrial era What was the **extent of change** during the **industrial era?**

Answer 30

**Turning point** * Clean Water & Sewers * Housing Improvements * Public Health Acts * Shift from laissez faire to government action

Question 31

# Modern What was **David Lloyd George’s** promise in **1918** regarding housing?

Answer 31

replace slums with **"homes fit for heroes"** for returning **WW1 soldiers**

Question 32

# Modern What did the **1919 Housing Act do?**

Answer 32

Gave **grants** to **local councils** to build **council houses** across the country

Question 33

# Modern How did the **Beveridge Report** of **1942** influence **housing?**

Answer 33

identified "**squalor**" as a **major issue** and called for ‘more and better homes’

Question 34

# Modern What was the **housing response** after **WWll?**

Answer 34

1.25 million homes were built **by 1951** to tackle the **post-war housing shortage**

Question 35

# Modern What **housing changes** happened in the **1960s?**

Answer 35

Inner-city **slums were demolished** and replaced with **high-rise flats**

Question 36

# Modern What was the ‘**Great Smog**’ of **1952?**

Answer 36

**severe smog** in London that **killed 4,000 people** due to respiratory illness

Question 37

# Modern What did the **Clean Air Act of 1956** aim to do?

Answer 37

Reduce air pollution by promoting cleaner fuels and relocating power stations

Question 38

# Modern What are some **modern efforts** to reduce **air pollution?**

Answer 38

**Congestion charges** (2003), park and ride schemes, and pollution warnings

Question 39

# Modern What are some examples of **unhealthy lifestyles** and what does it **lead to?**

Answer 39

* eat to much, often the wrong food * drink too much alchohol * not enough exercise * smoke too much adds up and leads to **obesity and ill health** obesity is one of the **greatest causes of heart disease**

Question 40

# Modern What are **2 examples** of **modern fitness drives?**

Answer 40

* **Walking for Health** - from the NHSm to take more exercise, to walk 10k steps a day * **Be Active** - Birmingham City Council’s scheme to provide free leisure services

Question 41

# Modern What are some **healthy eating campaigns?**

Answer 41

* '**five-a-day**' - governments health messeages to attempt people to eat more fruit and vegetables to reduce risk of heart disease and cancer * **eat well guide** - depicts a healthy balanced diet