Attention Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
What is attention?
A
- “Everyone knows what attention is …. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others, and
is a condition which has a real opposite in the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state which…is called distraction” - William James - Attention is best understood in terms of what it does rather than what it is
2
Q
What are types of attention?
A
- top down attention
- bottom up attention
- arousal
3
Q
What is top down attention?
A
- observer guided controlled attention
- frontal parietal brain regions
- a goal or target in mind directs your attention
- voluntary attention
- controlled, preparing to attention and setting goals
4
Q
What is arousal?
A
- alertness and awareness
- autonomic nervous system, reticular activating system
- physiologically based
5
Q
What is bottom up attention?
A
- stimuli guided automatic attention
- physical stimuli and salience
- purely guided by external factors
- automatic attentional orienting
6
Q
What are the neural mechanisms of attention?
A
- a network of regions across frontal and parietal lobes
7
Q
What brain regions are used for top down attention?
A
- intraparietal sulcus / intraparietal lobule
- frontal eye fields
8
Q
What brain regions are used for bottom up attention?
A
- temporoparietal junction
- ventral frontal cortex
9
Q
What is attentional shift?
A
- shift between attending to image vs sound
10
Q
What are the types of divisions of attention?
A
- endogenous attention
- exogenous attention
11
Q
What is endogenous attention?
A
- when an individual chooses what to pay attention to (goals and intention)
- top down processing
- intraparietal sulcus and frontal eye fields
12
Q
What is exogenous attention?
A
- when stimuli in the environment drives us to pay attention
- bottom up processing
- temporoparietal junction and ventral frontal cortex
13
Q
What is spatial neglect?
A
- damage to the right hemisphere, ventral parietal cortex
- deficits in spatial attention and egocentric representations in contralateral field of view
- cannot attend or report stimuli on opposite side of legion
- cannot see things on left side
- is not just about vision, if blindfolded will also have problems searching for objects on the left side of the table
14
Q
What can be done to help with spatial neglect?
A
- severity can be modulated by behavioural interventions over very short timescales
- training to increase alertness
- ask to perform hand movements to neglected side
- only lasts a small amount of time
15
Q
This brain region would be engaged when you are actively searching for a black car in a crowded lot, this would make black cars more salient in the visual system.
a. Reticular Activating System
b. Frontal Eye Fields
c. Temporal Parietal Junction
d. PNS
A
b
16
Q
What are the types of attention in top down attention?
A
- sustained attention
- divided attention
- selective attention
17
Q
What is sustained attention?
A
- maintain focus on one input for a long period of time
- vigilance
- the ability to focus on one task
- concentration
18
Q
What is divided attention?
A
- shifting attentional focus between tasks
- multi tasking
- the ability to attend to more than one task
- task switching
19
Q
What is selective attention?
A
- focus on one input and ignore other information
20
Q
Why do we have selective attention?
A
- we have limited information processing resources
- must prioritize what to process
- this will depend on goal (what you want to attend to)
21
Q
What are the theories of selective attention?
A
- early selection filter models
- attenuator
- late selection filter models
- load theory
22
Q
What is Broadbent’s early selection filter model?
A
- you filter information at the level of perception, before information is processed for meaning (semantic analysis)
- select information via perception (spatial location, frequency of sound)
- selected information is processed for meaning, enters awareness
- information nit selected by the filter decays and is not processed for meaning
sensory buffer -FILTER-> perceptual analysis –> semantic analysis (short term memory) –> responses
23
Q
What proof is there for the early selection model?
A
- dichotic listening tasks
24
Q
What is the dichotic listening task in the early selection model?
A
- present two different simultaneous messages to each ear
- participants better to recall ear by ear than the simultaneous message (they will remember the info from the hear they are paying attention to)
- conclusion: information is selected for attention at perception
- shadowing task (repeat info from attended ear)
- people do not remember the content of an unattended message, but they notice some sensory features (new noise, gender of speaker)
- evidence that unattended information is not processed for meaning but perception
25
What is the evidence against early selection?
- in certain situations, unattended information can break through
- at a party, you can attend to one conversation, yet hear your name spoken in a non-attended to conversation
- participants presented with a word paired with a shock
- shadowing task with the socked word in the unattended ear
- increased skin conductance when the shocked word was presented in the unattended ear
26
You are studying for your Cognition exam and your roommate is watching TV in the next room, which you are ignoring. According to early selection models, what property of the TV show would you most likely encode?
a. You would not encode anything you are ignoring
b. You would encode whether the actor speaking is male or female
c. You would encode everything that enters your sensory memory
d. You would encode what the actors are saying
b
27
What is Treisman's attenuator model?
- an early filter dials down the influence of unattended material
- some aspects of unattended material to be processed for meaning
- dampen down unattended material but if meaningful will hear it
sensory inputs --> feature discrimination --> short term store -- information passes, but some of it is weaker --> analysis of meaning (includes context) --> response
28
What is the late selection filter model?
- we process input to the level of the meaning, and then select what we want to process further
sensory buffer --> perceptual analysis --> semantic analysis (short term memory) -FILTER-> responses
29
What proof is there for late selection models?
- stroop task
30
What is the stroop task?
- names of colours, in different coloured ink
- name the colour of the ink
- difficulty naming colour when the word doesn't match
- controlled vs automatic tasks
- takes longer to name the colour of the ink in incongruent trials
- for the interference effect to occur, you must process the written colour name (unattended information) for the meaning
31
What are controlled tasks?
- those that require effort and voluntary top down attention
- naming the colour of the ink in the stroop task
32
What are automatic tasks?
- those that are highly familiar and well practiced and do not require voluntary top down attention
- reading the colour names in the stroop task
33
What happens when the automatic processing is removed in the stroop task?
- hypnotized english speaking participants to think colour names were meaningless
- removes the automatic processing of meaning of the words
- result: no stroop interference effect
34
What is the load theory?
- attentional filtering (selection) can occur at different points of processing
- filter placement will depend on how much of your resources are required for your current task
- if low resource load, we process non attended information to a later stage
- if high resource load, we process non attended information only to an early stage
35
Hoe much information will be processed while doing a difficult task with a high load, according to load theory?
- we process al information (relevant or irrelevant) only to the level of perception
- our attention is selected early
- focused attention
- early filter
36
Hoe much information will be processed while doing an easy task with a low load, according to load theory?
- we process all information (relevant or irrelevant) to the level of meaning
- our attention is selected later
- process irrelevant information for meaning
- late filter
37
What are the two ways to define load?
- central resource capacity view
- multiple resource capacity view
38
What is central resource capacity view?
- one resource pool from which all attention resources are allocated
- driving stimulator task under two conditions
- low auditory load, driving with no radio: saw the elephant
- high auditory load, driving and listening to the radio: did not see the elephant
39
What is multiple resource capacity view?
- Multiple resources from which attention resources are allocated
- Attentional load depend on the match between the relevant and irrelevant information
- Attentional capacity is reached sooner if relevant and irrelevant information are from the same modality
- listen to people speaking
- low load: determine if the words spoken in a loud or quiet voice
- high load: listen for bisyllabic words among mon and tri syllabic words
- presented visual distractors
- there was difference in processing between load conditions
40
According to multiple resource capacity, f you are driving and need to get directions, would you have more problems paying attention to the road if listening to a set of directions or viewing it on your phone?
Viewing it on your phone
41
What is the proof for load theory?
- the flanker task
42
What is the flanker task?
- task: press a designated (separate) key if there is an X or N in the centre circle display
- people are more distracted by the flanker in a low load condition, longer reaction time
43
The fact that I can listen to music (sounds) and this does affect my ability to do puzzles (visual) fits with which theory of attention?
a. attenuator model with a multiple resource capacity view
b. attenuator model with a central resource capacity view
c. load theory with a multiple resource capacity view
d. load theory with a central resource capacity view
c
44
What is change blindness?
- the failure to detect changes in stimuli
- continuity errors in film
- not necessarily where you're paying attention to
45
How is change blindness measured?
- flicker technique paradigm
46
What is the flicker technique paradigm?
- two similar visual images are presented with an interstimulus mask (grey screen)
- across trials, small changes are made to the images
- participants asked if something changed between the images
- people are inaccurate
47
What is inattentional blindness?
- not noticing something new in your focus of attention
- a failure to attend to new or unexpected events in attended to environment
48
How is inattentional blindness measured?
- participants learn to focus attention to a particular space then an unexpected target is presented in that space
- participants determine which cross arm is longer
- many participants did not see a small white square appear next to the cross
- if word appears and they are asked to fill out the word (arm___), they will more likely complete it with what was presented during a period of inattentional blindness even without knowing it
49
An experiment is run in which, across trials, two identical or similar visual images are presented with a short “mask” between. Participants are asked to determine if there are differences among those images for each trial. The researchers found that the participants were quite _______ at detecting differences among the similar visual images and interpreted this is as a measure of ____________.
a. Inaccurate; Change Blindness
b. Accurate;ChangeBlindness
c. Inaccurate; Inattentional Blindness
d. Accurate; InattentionalBlindness
a
50
What are functions of and ways to measure attention?
- pre activating attention and the Posner spatial cuing task
- integrating features and visual search
- embodied theories of attention and measuring eye movements
51
What is activating attention?
- Posner's attentional spotlight theory
- attention is about focusing on space and ignoring what is located outside of the focused space
- when moving attentional spotlight, disengage from current focus and shift to another area
- attention for pre activating processing shifts
52
What is Posner cuing task?
- measure of spotlight theory
- fixation display: fixate on the centre of a screen
- cue display: a space directs attention to an area
- target display: reaction time to detect the target is measured
- valid trial" target appears in the same location as the cue
- invalid trial: target appears in a different location as the cue
- reaction time to valid trials are faster than to invalid trials
- but a long enough SOA means results flip
53
What is stimuli onset asynchrony (SOA)?
- the time between the cue and the target
- short time interval, less than 200 ms
- long time interval, around 300 ms
- different results for short and long SOA
- when there is a long SOA, we are faster during invalid trials because of inhibition of return
54
What is inhibition of return?
- attention is inhibited from going to a recently attended space after a ling duration between space cue and target
- is it adaptive, helps us search our environment efficiently
55
What are integrating features?
- attention needed to integrate features to perceive and find objects
- demonstrates interplay of perception and attention
- feature based attention evident during visual search tasks
- two types of attention for these tasks
56
What are the two types of attention for visual search tasks?
- pre attention phase
- focused attention phase
57
What is pre attention phase?
- object features are separately coded
- bottom up processing
- automatic
58
What is focused attention phase?
- object features are integrated to guide a search
- top down processing
- voluntary attention
59
What are the types of visual search tasks?
- feature search
- conjunction search
60
What is feature search?
- search for an object that differs from the distractors based on one feature
- bottom up attention
- takes the same amount of time no matter how many distractors
61
What is conjunction search?
- search for an object that differs from distractors across many features
- top down attention
- takes longer with more distractors
62
What is the pop out effect?
- time to find a target that is different by one feature from distractors is independent of the number of distractors
- only for features processed automatically in the visual cortex
63
What are embodied theories of attention?
- eye movements detect visual attentional goals
- overt vs covert
- there are cultural differences in visual attention
64
What is overt visual attention?
- attending to something with your eye movements
65
What is covert visual attention?
- attending to something without eye movements
66
What is task switching?
- changing from working on one task to working on another task
- involved using top down processes to switch between mental sets associated with each task
- Over a series of trials, participants perform blocks of tasks on the same input, sometimes switching between these tasks
- Switch cost: decline in performance (reaction time, accuracy) after switching tasks
- The attentional system must be ‘re-set’ to engage the next task
67
What are mental sets?
- method of organizing information based on the goals
- a tendency in how you approach situations or solve a task
- switching it requires attention
68
What is attentional capture?
- bottom up cues, these are automatically processed
- super surprising or goes against what you would have predicted
- happens to information that is important for survival
- adaptive for this information to be automatically processed
- many of these cues have functionally specialized processing regions in the brain
69
What captures attention?
- salient colours
- faces
- human bodies
- biological motion
- fearful stimuli
- personally relevant stimuli (like our names)
- addictive stimuli for individuals
70
How is attentional capture measured?
- a modified go no go task
- a signal is presented under three conditions - superimposed in faces, objects or nothing
- go trial: when the signal is green, indicate if there is a vertical line on the left or right of the image
- no go trial: when the signal is red, press a task neutral button, do nothing
- the presence of human faces slowed down attentional processes for the go no go task because they capture attention
71
What aspect of cognition does attention most directly control?
a. behavioural response
b. memory
c. information processing
d. sensory transduction
c
72
What is the inability to notice an unexpected stimulus due to attention being focused elsewhere called?
a. divided attention
b. lapse of attention
c. inattentional blindness
d. visual agnosia
c
73
What is the process of directing your attention to chosen stimuli called?
a. divided attention
b. selective attention
c. dichotic listening
d. tunnel vision
b
74
Since she has been on vacation for a week, Natalie can hardly wait to talk to her best friend. Natalie is temporarily worried because they decided to meet at a restaurant that is notoriously crowded. After meeting, she realizes that it is actually easy to focus only on her friend's voice and block out of all of the other conversions. What is Natalie experiencing?
a. change blindness
b. cocktail party effect
c. cherry effect
d. bottlenecking
b
75
Recall Natalie's conversation with her friend mentioned in Question 5.5. Imagine that, while she is having a conversation with her friend at the restaurant, the neighboring table is talking about Natalie Portman's latest movie. If the early-selection models always accurately predict what attention will block, which of the following would be true?
a. When the table mentions Natalie Portman, that conversation will briefly distract Natalie from her friend's voice
b. When the table mentions Natalie Portman, Natalie will not be distracted from her friend's voice unless they start shouting about the movie
c. Natalie will hear the neighbouring conversation only if she is personally interested in movies
d. Natalie will pay attention to all streams of information equally
b
76
A subject is completing a flanker task. Like the one mentioned above, they need to press the right arrow when the target is an H or K and the left arrow when it is an S or C. Based on what you know of attentional load, which of the following should have the slowest response time?
a. H H H H H H H
b. H H H K H H H
c. S S S H S S S
d. K K K H K K K
c
77
Video 5.3 above discussed research by Molloy et al. (2015). The researchers recorded neural activity while participants completed a high- and low-load task. What did the neural results indicate about the subjects' ability to process an auditory tone while completing a high-load task?
a. They could hear the tone and visually process information at the same time
b. They appeared to hear the tone but ignored it
c. Their neural activity did not show anything meaningful
d. They did not appear to consciously hear the tone
d
78
In regards to the Stroop task, ______ has been argued to be more automatic while ______ is more controlled.
a. reading the color of the ink; reading the color of the word
b. reading the color of the ink; reading the color of the ink
c. reading the word; reading the color of the ink
d. reading the color of the ink; reading the word
c
79
Typing is probably something you've practiced for many years of your life. Now when you type a paper, you don't need to be thinking about, or looking at, the keys to be able to write your report. In this case, typing would be an example of what kind of process?
a. controlled process
b. automatic process
c. overt process
d. inattentional blindness
b
80
Bavelier et al. (2012) compared the neural activity of video and non-video game players while completing a search task. Which of the following is true?
a. Video game players did worse at each task
b. Video game players showed less parietal lobe activation, indicating less of a need for recruiting attentional networks
c. Non-video game players were faster at and recruited less frontoparietal resources than video game players, showing a broad detriment of playing video games
d. Video game players were able to do the tasks faster because they recruited their frontoparietal attention network at higher levels than the non-video game players
b
81
Which type of attentional control is involved in trying to multitask?
a. selective attention
b. divided attention
c. automaticity
d. controlled processing
b
82
Some researchers have argued that humans are not capable of multitasking and, instead, may just be doing what?
a. switching between tasks
b. zoning out
c. selecting only one thing and continuing to pay attention to it
d. prioritizing which tasks are important to us and doing them first
a
83
When allocating our attention to moving objects, about how many items can we simultaneously track?
a. 1
b. 10
c. 7 + or - 2
d. 4
d
84
In Posner's (1980) study, what was indicated by "valid" trials?
a. trials in which the target would appear in the cued location
b. trials in which the target would appear anywhere on the screen
c. trials in which the target would appear in the non-cued location
d. trials in which the target would not appear at all
a
85
Based on Posner (1980), what is one possible purpose of attention?
a. to help us remember what task we are doing
b. to help us see where to look and focus our eyes
c. to prepare the mind for processing in a pre-attentive phase
d. to keep us from getting distracted during a task
c
86
The internet phenomenon of visual clickbait often involves a bright, moving, or flashing image in order to capture your interest. Which attentional phenomenon are advertisers trying to take advantage of in creating these images?
a. endogenous attentional control
b. exogenous attentional control
c. divided attention
d. selective attention
b
87
Which area of the brain has been shown to process motion?
a. area VT
b. area V1
c. area MT
d. intraparietal sulcus
c
88
Which area of the cortex is associated with exogenous attention and orienting you to unexpected stimuli?
a. right hemisphere
b. the frontal eye fields
c. area MT
d. intraparietal sulcus
a
89
Which area of the brain has been associated with an endogenous attention network to prepare neural activation for pre-processing?
a. right hemisphere
b. the frontal eye fields
c. area MT
d. intraparietal sulcus
d
90
Which of these is a deficit associated with Balint syndrome that inhibits the ability to attend to more than one thing?
a. apraxia
b. simultanagnosia
c. selective attention
d. attention deficit
b
91
When trying to identify emotions, how do controls tend to differ from subjects with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
a. Subjects with ASD are unable to name and identify any emotions
b. Control subjects scan the entire face of stimuli and outperform subjects with ASD on all categories
c. Control subjects tend to focus on the stimuli's eyes and central regions of the face compared to subjects with ASD
d. Subjects with ASD tend to focus more on the stimuli's eyes and central regions of the face but still struggle to actually name the emotion expressed
c
92
Children with autism spectrum disorder have been found to display visual tracking deficits at which age?
a. 12 years
b. 6 months
c. 12 months
d. 3 years
b
93
The process of choosing which sensory information to process and which to exclude is termed ______.
a. hearing
b. attention
c. memory
d. perception
b
94
Mary is talking on her cellphone while at the store and is devoting her full attention to her conversation. While she is walking down the aisle, a young woman next to her trips and falls. Mary does not look at the woman and continues to talk and shop. The woman that fell thinks Mary is very rude and insensitive to not offer to help. While this may be true, it is also possible that Mary didn't see the woman fall because she was experiencing ______.
a. change blindness
b. selective attention
c. divided attention
d. inattentional blindness
d
95
The reason we need attention is that our brains have insufficient ______ resources.
a. sensory
b. memory
c. processing
d. neurotransmitter
c
96
Select the options that could describe attention.
a. limited
b. always under unconscious control
c. selective
d. limitless
e. always consciously controlled
a and c
97
According to Broadbent's early selection model of attention, when is the meaning of information processed?
a. only after you've selected information to focus on and the attentional filter is applied
b. meaning of all information your sensory receptors are collecting is continually being processed
c. before the filter of attention is applied and then selection is based on that meaning
d. continually throughout the listening process
a
98
Support from early selection models of attention came from dichotic listening tasks showing that participants were able to block out many of the following from their unattended ear. Which of the following did participants notice?
a. their name
b. the same word repeated nearly 30 times
c. if the sex of the voice changed between female and male
d. the language of the voice changed
e. if the message was played in reverse
f. the voice changed to a pure tone
a, c and f
99
To account for how subjects could follow a meaningful message that switched between ears in a dichotic listening task, Anne Treisman added a/an _______ to the filter model to explain how unattended information still leaks past the filter but is relatively weaker.
attenuator
100
Hearing a loud noise and then turning towards the source is an example of which type of attentional control?
a. endogenous
b. exogenous
c. saccadic
d. covert
b
101
The finding that you recognize your name being said in the unattended ear during dichotic listening tasks is evidence AGAINST which model of attention?
a. early selection
b. late selection
c. attenuator
d. all of the above
a
102
The finding that the color of a printed word interferes with naming that word aloud suggests that reading involves ______.
a. divided attention
b. endogenous attention
c. automatic processing
d. attenuation
c
103
In the flanker compatibility task, the effect of an "incompatible" flanker in the low-load condition was that it ______.
a. increased reaction time
b. decreased reaction time
c. had no effect on reaction time
d. depends on whether the participants were on their cell phones
a
104
Allen is working on his math homework and is working through a particularly difficult problem while his mother is shouting for him to come downstairs for dinner. After yelling several times in a row, she goes upstairs to ask why he is ignoring her. Allen reports that he never even heard her because he was focusing so hard on his math problem. The math problem most likely is a _______ task for Allen due to difficulty and attentional demands it places on him.
high load
105
Delaney is on the final chapter of her book and is very engrossed in the chapter. She is so engrossed that she doesn't hear the oven timer go off. Due to her selective attention, she has not consciously processed the auditory information. Delaney has experienced _______.
inattentional deafness
106
Which of the following are examples of automatic processes?
a. Teddy is learning to ride a bike for the first time
b. Sherri is typing her term paper without looking at the keys
c. Mike is riding his bike to work and doesn't have to think about his control of the bike
d. Nona is learning a new dance routine for her dance squad
b and c
107
True or false: Distractions while driving and talking on a cell phone can be reduced if you use hand-held devices.
false
108
The task of finding Waldo in the popular children's Where's Waldo? books would be an example of which task?
a. divided attention
b. dichotic visual task
c. visual search
d. exogenous search
c
109
In the Where's Waldo? task, you are looking for a character that has a striped shirt, striped hat, and possibly several accessories. Which type of search does this represent?
a. single-feature
b. conjunction
c. dichotomous
d. automaticity
b
110
If you have to search for a red X among a bunch of distractor green Xs, what should we expect as we increase the number of distractors?
a. Search time should decrease with more distractors
b. Search time should increase with more distractors
c. Search time should remain about the same with more distractors
c
111
Realizing you forgot where you parked your car, you actively start scanning the parking lot with the goal of finding your car. This would be an example of which type of attention?
a. covertly controlled attention
b. exogenously controlled attention
c. endogenously controlled attention
d. automatically controlled attention
c
112
While you are studying, your phone dings with a text message alert. You involuntarily look towards your phone. This would be an example of which of the following?
a. overtly controlled attention
b. exogenously controlled attention
c. endogenously controlled attention
d. automatically controlled attention
b
113
After being shown the stimuli below, Mark is asked to describe what he saw. He reports that he saw a purple triangle and an orange elipse. He has completed which kind of error?
a. single-feature error
b. conjunction error
c. visual search error
d. inattentional error
b
114
Luke suffered a stroke which damaged his occipital and parietal lobe regions. He has struggled with matching his movements to what he sees and can only report one object in an array at a time. Luke is most likely experiencing ______.
a. visual neglect
b. ASD
c. ataxic attention syndrome
d. Balint's syndrome
d
115
People with Balint's syndrome experience which of the following?
a. optic ataxia
b. visual neglect
c. dementia
d. simultanagnosia
e. blindness
d
116
Images like the one shown (man made of food) are used to demonstrate which of the following?
a. visual neglect
b. ADHD
c. simultanagnosia
d. all of the above
c
117
William suffered a stroke which caused damage only to his right parietal lobe. Now when he goes to eat, he only eats the right side of his plate and tends to ignore stimuli on the left side of his visual field. Which of the following is William most likely suffering from?
a. ADHD
b. visual neglect
c. Balint's syndrome
d. ASD
b
118
Change blindness can
a. Only happen when you're not fixating on the point of change
b. Only happen when you're fixating on the point of change
c. Typically happens when you're not fixating on the point of change but can also happen when you're looking directly at a changing object
d. None of these describe change blindness
c
119
In the dichotic listening task, shadowing refers to:
a. Repeating the unattended information
b. Filtering out the unattended information
c. Repeating the attended information
d. Some of the unattended information being processed
c
120
Which of the following examples were discussed as a way to trigger breakthrough processing in a dichotic listening task?
a. Saying the participants name in the unattended information
b. The unattended information being louder than the attended information
c. The unattended information being more interesting than the attended information
d. Both A and B
a
121
In Broadbent's filter model, the arrows depict
a. The direction and amount of information
b. Just the direction of information
c. Just the amount of information
d. Neither direction nor amount of information
a
122
If the meaning of a message in the dichotic listening task switches ears, participants are more likely to follow that message. This is an example of:
a. The early selection model
b. The late selection model
c. Change blindness
d. Divided attention
b
123
In the flanker task, the overlap between target and distractors is _____ attentional load
a. Increasing
b. Decreasing
a
124
Automaticity is likely to apply in which of the following situations:
a. A long-time driver navigating through an unfamiliar city without a GPS
b. A musician playing a familiar piece in a new venue
c. A pilot's last commercial flight
d. A seasoned chef preparing a new and complex dish for the first time
c
125
In the study by Bavelier et al. (2012), what did the researchers find regarding the recruitment of the parietal lobes in response to task demands in the high-load condition?
a. Both gamers and non-gamers showed increased recruitment
b. Gamers showed increased recruitment, but non-gamers did not
c. Non-gamers showed increased recruitment, but gamers did not
d. Neither gamers nor non-gamers showed increased recruitment
c
126
What has research demonstrated about cellphone usage and driving?
a. Drivers make more driving errors when talking on a cellphone compared to when talking to a passenger, but only when they are holding the phone
b. Drivers make more driving errors when talking on a cellphone compared to when talking to a passenger, regardless of whether they are holding the phone or using a hands-free device
c. Drivers who often multi-task do not make more driving errors when talking on a cellphone compared to when talking to a passenger
d. None of the above
b
127
In Michael Posner's study on attention, what was the goal of the participants?
a. To focus their gaze on the target shape
b. To respond using overt attention
c. To respond as slowly as possible
d. To respond as quickly as possible using covert attention
d
128
According to feature-integration theory, what role does attention play in processing visual information?
a. Attention is not involved in processing color or shape
b. Attention is responsible for creating conjunction errors
c. Attention is needed to combine properties into unified objects
d. Attention only guides top-down processing
c
129
What distinguishes exogenous attentional control from endogenous attentional control?
a. Exogenous attentional control is driven by external factors, while endogenous attentional control is based on internal factors
b. Exogenous attentional control is always voluntary, while endogenous attentional control is automatic
c. Exogenous attentional control is goal-oriented, while endogenous attentional control is stimulus-driven
d. Exogenous attentional control is only related to visual stimuli, while endogenous attentional control is related to auditory stimuli
a
130
What are some possible reasons for the existence of a covert attentional system in our visual system?
a. To make eye movements more predictable for others
b. To keep our gaze direction hidden from others
c. To ensure attention always follows eye movements
d. To prevent scoping out the best place to move our eyes
b
131
Which of the following brain regions is involved in both overt and covert attention and is organized retinotopically?
a. The frontal eye field (FEF)
b. The primary visual cortex (V1)
c. The medial temporal lobes (MT)
d. The intraparietal sulcus
a
132
What is a key feature of go/no-go tasks, as described in the text?
a. Participants need to press a button for both "go" and "no-go" stimuli
b. Cognitive control is not required in go/no-go tasks
c. The majority of stimuli are "no-go" requiring the suppression of a response
d. Visual attention is not necessary for completing go/no-go tasks
c
133
_______ refers to selective attention of a location accompanied by eye fixation of that same location and _________ refers to selective attention of a location accompanied by eye fixation outside of that area.
overt attention
covert attention
134
You are at a crowded event where many people are talking around you, but still manage to hear your friend call out your name. This is referred to as the _________.
cocktail party effect
135
In simultanagnosia, individuals typically have problems with:
a. Hearing sounds
b. Recognizing faces
c. Perceiving the entire visual scene at once
d. Balancing movements
c
136
In the visual search paradigm, when the the targets cannot be distinguished from
distractors based on any single property, it is an example of ______.
conjuncture search
137
What is the term for moving your eyes to where you are attending, as mentioned in the text?
a. Covert attention
b. Overt attention
c. Visual Fixation
d. Gaze duration
b
