Perception Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
What is the path of sensations and perceptions?
A
- stimulus energy (light, sound, smell…)
- sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose…)
- neural impulses
- brain (visual, auditory, olfactory areas)
2
Q
What are exteroceptive sensations?
A
- any form of sensation that results from stimuli located outside the body detected by sensory organs
3
Q
What is the stimulus type for vision/sight?
A
Light entering eye
4
Q
What is the stimulus type for audition/hearing?
A
Vibrations in the air entering eat canal
5
Q
What is the stimulus type for touch?
A
Pressure, heat and vibrations on skin
6
Q
What is the stimulus type for gustation/taste?
A
Chemical compounds in the mouth
7
Q
What is the stimulus type for olfactory/smell?
A
Airborne chemical in nasal passage
8
Q
What are interoceptive sensations?
A
- sensations from inside our body
- proprioception
- nociception
- equilibroception
9
Q
What is proprioception?
A
sense of where our limbs are in space
10
Q
What is nociception?
A
sense of pain due to body damage
11
Q
What is quilibrioception?
A
sense of balance
12
Q
What do dancers have?
A
increased interoceptive accuracy
- understanding of what’s happening in the body
- dancers can estimate heart rate more accurately than non dancers
13
Q
the study that showed dancers have increased interoceptive accuracy, the authors report dancers could estimate heart rate more accurately than non-dancers, which was unrelated to fitness levels or counting ability.
In this study, ______________ is a nuisance variable that was controlled for in their experiment.
A
fitness levels and counting ability
14
Q
What is synesthesia?
A
- neurological condition in which one sense automatically triggers the experience of another sense
- hear colours
- smell sounds
- see time
- genetic component
- more common in women
- specific pairings tend to be stable over the lifetime of the individual
15
Q
What is grapheme-colour synesthesia?
A
- colour with letter/numbers
- 7 is pale blue with a pleasant, soft, nice personality
16
Q
What is chromesthesia?
A
- sound can evoke an experience of colour
17
Q
What are forms of synesthesia?
A
- grapheme colour
- chormesthesia
18
Q
Who is more like to have synesthesia?
A
- artists
- artists are 8 times more likely to have synesthesia than non artists
19
Q
Why is synesthesia important?
A
- represents the importance of individual differences
- encourages a view that brains are organized as “talking” circuits
- it is explained as cross-talk between processing regions for different senses
20
Q
What is the McGurk effect?
A
- the input from one sense (vision) influencing the perception of the input from another sense (sound)
- hear baa, then faa because lip movement changed but he was saying baa both times
- when you hear what you see
- a multisensory illusion
- illustrates integration of and cross-talk amongst senses
- illustrates the dominance of visual input
21
Q
What is apart of the visual system?
A
- early visual processing
- late visual processing
22
Q
What is early visual processing?
A
- sensation
- eyes and the optic nerve
23
Q
What is late visual processing?
A
- perception
- the visual cortex or occipital lobe
24
Q
What are the steps to early visual processing?
A
- Light waves enter the eye
- projected onto the retina
- the retina forms an inverted image - Retina photoreceptors convert light into electrical activity
- rods: low light levels for night vision
- cones: high light levels for detailed colour vision - The electrical signal is sent to bipolar cells
- sent on to the ganglion cells - The signal exits through the optic nerve
- to theh brain for later visual processing
25
What is information processing?
- millions of photoreceptors in each retina converge onto 100 times fever ganglion cells ---> optic nerve --> brain
- input from the eyes to the brain is compressed
26
How are the photoreceptors distributed?
- cones are concentrated in the fovea (small area on the central part of the visual field)
- center of visual field is most detailed
- rods are mostly in the periphery
- periphery of visual field is less detailed and less accurate
27
What is perceptual filling in?
- fill in periphery
- why we don't see our blindspot
28
What is the blindspot?
- photoreceptors are at the back of the retina
- ganglion cells are at the front
- ganglion cells make up the optic nerve that exits to the brain
- must pass the photoreceptor layer
- at this exit location there are no photoreceptors, so no vision
29
What is early to late visual processing?
- thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus, LGN) is the way station
- the optic nerve of each eye transmits information to both hemispheres
- contralateral representation (left visual field is perceived via the right hemisphere and vice versa)
30
What are the steps to late visual processing?
- primary visual cortex
- specialized regions that process specific visual attributes or features (edges, angles, colour, light, simple movement)
- visual association areas interpret visual signal, assings meaning
31
What is the ventral pathway?
- what pathway
- occipital to temporal lobes
- shape, size, visual details
32
What is the dorsal pathway?
- where pathway
- occipital to parietal lobes
- location, space, movement information
33
What happens when there is damage to the dorsal where pathway?
- dorsal damage with intact ventral stream
- accurate performance on object recognition or matching tasks
- impaired performance on visual guided action (picking up an object appropriately)
- dorsal could represent action
- harder to process spatial information, depth perception, estimating movement and direction of objects
- akinetopsia
- optic ataxia
34
What happens when there is damage to the ventral what pathway?
- ventral damage with intact dorsal stream
- impaired performance on visual object recognition or matching tasks
- can pick up objects
- ventral could represent perception
- difficulties recognizing everyday objects (often from damage to the lateral occipital cortex)
- difficulties can be selective to visual categories (faces)
- functional specialization within the ventral pathway
- prosopagnosia
- agnosia
35
What is bottom-up processing?
- the influence of information from the external environment on perception
- information from the sensory organs (eyes) to the visual cortex
36
What is top-down processing?
- the influence of knowledge (expectations, context, and goals) on perception
- information from higher processing brain regions (prefrontal cortex or higher visual processing areas) is sent back to the sensory organs
37
What is the constructivist theory of perception?
- we use what we already know and expectations to predict how to perceive sensory information
- visual information is ambiguous, and perception requires top-down processes
- relies on the influence of top-down processes to vision
- illustrates how perception is an "illusion"
- perception is knowledge and expectations
- knowledge about assumptions about how the world works and affects perception
- our context activates expectations affects perception
- demonstrated by illusions
38
What is the Ponzo illusion?
- the line at the back looks longer because of our expectation of size and depth perception
39
What is terror subterra?
- the monster at the back looks bigger than the one at the front
- distance cues in the image make monster seem farther away
40
What is the world is lit from above?
- we assume light source originates above us, resulting in predictable patterns of shadows which we use to predict depthW
41
What are ambiguous bistable figures?
- face/rat
- girl/old lady
- sax plater/women's face
- skull/women putting on makeup
- context affects what we see
42
What is the rotating snake illusion?
- circles appear to rotate, perceive motion
43
What is the letters in context effect?
- the ability to read words in sentences even when the letters in the middle of some the words are mixed up
- you expect to see real words in a sentence
44
What is the colour in context effect?
- the context of a colour appears to change how you see that colour
- colour perception depends on he wavelengths of light that fall on the retina and our expectation from experience of how objects look under contexts of illumination
45
What is the Munker-White illusion?
- same shade of grey but one column is behind the black, the other is in front
- when black lines are on top we see darker grey
46
What are gestalt organizational principles?
- gestalt psychology: there are fundamental organizational principles to deal with ambiguity in our environment
- these principles are based on knowledge and experience (top-down processes) and shared among people
- The principle of experience
- Visual grouping principles
47
What is the principle of experience?
- figure ground segmentation
48
What is figure ground segmentation?
- image segmentation depends on sensory input, detect edges or shadows (bottom-up)
- experience and knowledge also drives figure-ground segmentation
- regions perceives as the figure are the ones that are more familiar and more easily named to the observer (top-down)
49
The Cog Dog loves watching rabbits hop past her window – she spends much of her day doing this, especially when Dr. Sheldon is teaching Cognition. If you showed her this image, what is she likely to see?
a. a duck because it is familiar to her
b. a rabbit because it is familiar to her
c. both a duck and a rabbit
d. neither a duck or rabbit due to interference
b
50
What are the visual grouping principles?
- principle of proximity
- principle of closed forms
- principle of good contour
- principle of similarity
51
What is the principle of proximity?
- objects or features that are close to one another in a scene will be judged as belonging together
52
What is the principle of closed forms?
- we see a shape in terms of closed forms, and we like to see items that enclose as whole
53
What is the principle of good contour?
- we perceive objects as continuous in cases where it is expected that they continue
54
What is the principle of similarity?
- we organize objects or features of a scene based on similarityW
55
What are direct models of perception?
- against the idea that top-down processes are needed for perception
- a passive bottom-up approach to perception
- sensory information is rich enough for perception
- requires an ecological approach to understand perception, study it in the real world
- the ambient optical array (AOA) that reaches the retina has enough information to direct perception and movement
- these are cues (computational tricks) in the AOA (not in the mind) that are used to guide perception and action
- bottom-up cues
56
What are the cues in the AOA?
- topographical breakages
- scatter reflection
- texture gradient
- affordances
57
What are topographical breakages?
- discontinuity helps see edges and define objects
58
What is a scatter reflection?
- how widely light scatters off an object's surface provides cues about the nature of the surface
- smooth surface: light less scattered
- rough surface: light more widely scattered
59
What are texture gradients?
- near objects are farther apart and far objects are closer together
- incremental changes in texture can provide information about your movement and distance
60
What are affordances?
- cues indicate potential function of an object
- visual cues in our environment
- perceived directly and immediately
- provides information on the potential function of an object
- we see based on what we can/need to do in the environment
61
Which of the following statements is true about the indicated modes of perception?
a. Direct models suggest our experiences can affect perception
b. Constructivist models suggest there are computational tricks in our visual stream that direct perception
c. Constructivist models are passive top-down models
d. Direct models are passive bottom-up models
d
62
What happens when there is damage to the primary visual cortex?
- blindsight
63
What is blindsight?
- no conscious awareness (explicit perception) of visual objects in
- able to implicitly respond to questions about objects presented in the damaged visual field
damaged visual field (guess correctly)
- suggests that they can perceive something without ‘consciousness’ or awareness (implicit perception)
- there is a processing division between conscious (explicit) and non-conscious(implicit) perception
- Perception is first processed without conscious awareness
- Perceptual awareness is on a continuum
but
- There may be other pathways for visual information to bypass the primary visual cortex
64
What is akinetopsia?
- visual motion blindness: cannot see motion
- instead, perceives motion as a series of stationary objects
- freeze frames
65
What is optic ataxia?
- inability to reach for objects with the ability to name objects
- can recognize object but cannot reach for it
- there might be action specificity in the dorsal where pathway
- selective damage leads to problems with certain types of movement
66
What is prosopagnosia?
- FFA damage leads to a selective deficit in recognizing faces, keeping intact the ability to visually recognize objects
- difficulty in recognizing individual faces
67
Is the FFA special for faces or just discrimination?
- against functional specialization for faces
- participants learn to discriminate between greebles
- fMRI data as participants viewed greebles and other objects
- greebles activated FFA more than other objects
68
What is the case of the sheep farmer?
- case study of a sheep farmer with prosopagnosia
- unable to name or recognize faces or determine age or gender or human faces
- was able to recognize and discriminate sheep with very high accuracy
- there is selective face processing in the brain
69
What is apperceptive visual agnosia?
- problems perceiving objects (for prosopagnosia, faces look contorted)
- a failure in recognizing objects due to problems with perceiving the elements of the objects as a whole
- single visual feature perception (colour, motion) are relatively intact
- problems with perception and discrimination of objects
- impairment is in grouping visual features to form perceptions that can be interpreted as meaningful
- could not copy what they visually saw but could draw from memory
70
What is associative visual agnosia?
- problems assigning meaning to objects (for prosopagnosia, can't recognize familiar famous faces)
- an inability to associate visual input with meaning
- problems on tests that require accessing information from memory
can't
- draw objects from memory
- name objects
- indicate the functions of objects
- determine if a visual object is possible or impossible
71
Which of the following situations would most readily trigger a memory?
a. someone touching your arm gently
b. a photo of a celebrity from your childhood
c. the scent of a wood-burning stove
d. seeing your Cognition professor at PA
c
72
What are theories of visual object recognition?
- feature detection
- template matching theory
- prototype
73
What is feature detection?
- visual input is broken down into individual parts (features)
- each feature is processed separately
- the combination of features is used as a pattern for recognition (probe)
- a probe is matched to long term memory traces, looking for a match
- the highest similarity between the probe and memory trace will determine recognition
What is the probe being compared to in long term memory?
- template matching theory
- prototype theory
74
What is template matching theory?
- every object has a template in long term memory
- too simplistic
- computationally demanding
- cannot explain
- identification
- classification
- 1 to 1 matching
75
What is identification?
- the ability to recognize objects with shifts in perspective
76
What is classification?
- the ability to recognize new objects as members of a known category
77
What is prototype theory?
- a prototype is the average representation of an object concept
- recognition is determined by a good enough match (resemblance)
- allows for flexible object identification
78
The sense of touch
- mechanreceptors --> spine --> somatosensory cortex
- cortical homunculus
79
What is the cortical homunculus?
- spatially organized map of the body for sensory and motor
- but current evidence suggests an update of motor homunculus to include regions that control integrative, whole body actions
80
Olfaction
- chemicals moving through the air pass through olfactory epithelium to olfactory bulb
- direct connections to memory and emotion brain regions... other senses go through the thalamus
- smell has a stronger link to memory and emotion than any of the other senses
- explains why the smell of cut grass can trigger a memory better than an image of grass
- new research: sense of smell is also related to brain and early symptom of dementia
81
Taste system
- works with olfaction
- explains why things do not taste as good when our nose is stuffed
- taste buds on tongue, palate, pharynx, upper esophagus
- measure chemicals that have been ingested
- relay message to thalamus and then the primary gustatory cortex
- other areas like the pre frontal cortex and reward areas of the brain
- flavour (taste) is also affected by other senses including vision: reddish colours associated with sweet tastes and greenish colours associated with bitter tastes
82
Which one is an example of using top-down processing?
a. Noticing differences between a teal and blue shirt
b. Reading a list of ingredients, seeing an unfamiliar item and assuming it is food
c. Salivating when you see a steak
d. Noticing a mouse scurry across the floor
b
83
Where in the nervous system can perception be said to take place?
a. brain
b. spinal cord
c. sensory receptors
d. motor neurons
a
84
The order light enters the eye
- cornea
- pupil
- lens
85
What structure of the eye causes light from above to fall onto the bottom of the back of the eye and vice-versa?
pupil
86
Do rods require more or less light than cones to be stimulated?
less
87
Which of the following categories would neurons at the highest/latest levels of the visual stream likely be selective for?
a. oriented edges
b. specific objects and faces
c. specific shapes
d. spots of light
b
88
What is agnosia?
- difficulty recognizing or perceiving one kind of visual stimulus
89
What is the fusiform face area (FFA)?
- selectively activated when people engage in facial recognition task
90
What is the lateral occipital cortex?
- selectively activated when people do an object recognition task
91
Data from the Greebles study challenge which idea about functional localization in the brain?
a. Specific brain regions are devoted to specific tasks
b. The FFA is specialized to process faces
c. The FFA is used for object recognition
d. The FFA is not specialized for any specific function
b
92
Mishkin and Ungerleider (1982) concluded that the ventral stream is for processing ______ while the dorsal stream is for processing _________.
a. what; where
b. where; what
c. what; when
d. where; how
a
93
According to Goodale and Milner's theory, the dorsal/ventral streams process which kind of information, respectively?
a. size/distance
b. where/what
c. meaning/form
d. action/perception
d
94
When a given material absorbs a lot of light, how does it affect how the material is perceived?
a. It will appear dark
b. It will appear light
c. It will appear colourful
d. It will lack colour
a
95
What do illusions reveal about the assumptions that the brain makes during perception?
a. Perception is not as useful as sensation
b. These assumptions are usually incorrect
c. Perception often depends on guesses
d. Our brains cannot be tricked
c
96
Which of the following would be necessary in order to count the number of objects in an image?
a. depth perception
b. top-down processing
c. image segmentation
d. visual grouping
c
97
Which feature is the most important in terms of image segmentation and edge detection?
a. a dark region
b. a light region
c. a point in the image where there is a sudden change from dark to light
d. a point in the image where there is a gradual change from dark to light
c
98
Which of the following is a good explanation for the symmetry bias?
a. Many real objects tend to have symmetry
b. Symmetry only appears in objects by accident
c. Objects with symmetry tend to appear in the background
d. Real objects with symmetry tend to surprise us
a
99
What aspect of having two eyes may be used to perceive depth?
a. Image features will fall on different locations in the two retinas
b. Image features will have different sizes in the two retinas
c. Image features will fall on the same locations in the two retinas
d. Image features will have the same sizes in the two retinas
a
100
What approach to recognition involves comparing two images of the same object point by point to see if they are exactly the same?
a. template matching
b. stereopsis
c. depth perception
d. binocular disparity
a
101
Sensation takes place in the ______.
a. brain
b. spinal cord
c. sensory organs
d. eye
c
102
Vibrations on hair follicles in my ear: ____.
A baby is crying: _______.
sensation
perception
103
What do illusions reveal about the assumptions that the brain makes during perception?
a. Perception often depends on guesses
b. These assumptions are usually incorrect
c. Perception is not as useful as sensation
d. Our brains cannot be tricked.
a
104
How do we know a certain object's lightness (black, white, grey, etc.)?
a. measure how much light is entering the eye
b. measure how much light is being absorbed minus how much is being reflected off the object
c. measure how much light is reflected off the object
d. guess how much light is hitting the surface
d
105
A Necker cube is an example of a ______.
a. 3D image
b. bi-stable image
c. stable image
d. dynamics image
b
106
If you want to make out fine details of an image, which would you want to utilize?
a. rods
b. cones
c. optic nerve
d. bipolar cells
b
107
Which feature is the most important in terms of image segmentation and edge detection?
a. a dark region
b. a light region
c. a point in the image where there is a sudden change from dark to light
d. a point in the image where there is a gradual change from dark to light
c
108
According to Goodale and Milner, the dorsal/ventral visual streams are for ______ and ______.
a. near vision; far vision
b. action; perception
c. what; where
d. how; when
b
109
Feature-based recognition ______.
a. demonstrates that recognition is better from familiar views than from unfamiliar views
b. demonstrates that we use features that remain stable across viewpoints
c. is the best approach to recognition and is supported by research data
d. is similar to template matching except that is even more inflexible
b
110
All of these are Gestalt principles except ______.
a. law of similarity
b. law of proximity
c. good continuation
d. law of occlusion
d
111
Prosopagnosia is a deficit characterized by the inability to ______.
a. recognize objects
b. perform a perceptual orientation matching
c. perceive depth
d. recognize faces
d
112
Which part of the brain shows greater activity when people engage in a facial recognition task than when they perform other kinds of recognition tasks?
a. fusiform face area (FFA)
b. lateral occipital cortex (LOC)
c. occipital lobe
d.
a
113
Processing that does not require any specific knowledge of the stimulus.
bottom-up
114
What are sound waves?
- oscillating movement in the air caused by vibrations of objects in the environment
115
How do we sense sound waves?
- outer ear
- middle ear
- inner ear
116
What is the outer ear?
- collects and focuses sound waves
- pinna (part you can see, collects the sound waves)
- ear canal (focuses the waves)
117
What is the middle ear?
- transfers and amplifies sound vibrations from outside (air) to inside (fluid)
- ossicles:
1. malleus (eardrum vibrates and hits this, takes info from eardrum to
2. incus (middle man, passes sound to
3. stapes
118
What is the eardrum?
- boundary between outer and middle ear
119
What are hearing aids?
- amplify sounds
- when there's damage to outer or middle ear
120
What is the inner ear?
- converts sound vibrations into neural signal
- cochlea (high pitch is beginning, low pitch goes more in)
- basilar membrane
- auditory nerve (edge of membrane to brain)
121
What are cochlear impalnts?
- deliver sound directly to the auditory nerve
- transduction problem, inner ear part broken
- surgical process, don't need to go through ear, directly stimulates auditory nerve
122
What is a tonotonic map?
- location based on frequency of sound
- high pitch is beginning, low pitch goes more in
- primary auditory cortex is arranged by the tonotonic map (identifies frequency)
123
What is a wavelength?
- space between two crests or two troughs
124
What is the amplitude?
- height of the wave
125
What is a crest?
- top of the wave
126
What is a trough?
- bottom of wave
127
How do we perceive sound?
- pitch
- loudness
- location
- auditory objects
- experience driven
- emotion
128
What is pitch?
- frequency (physical property)
- high frequency is high pitch
- low frequency is low pitch
129
What is loudness?
- amplitude (physical property)
- high amplitude is loud
- low amplitude is not loud
130
How do we perceive sound by location?
- can tell where sound is coming from based on timing it hits each ear
- hear sound louder on the side of the ear that it's on
131
How do we perceive sound based on experience?
- we can't tell wha the sound is but once we hear the sentence once, then we can hear it
- hearing is one of the first things we do
- fetus in the womb can hear
132
How do we perceive sound based on emotion?
- sounds make us feel
133
What is misophonia?
- Misophonia is a disorder of decreased tolerance to specific sounds... These “triggers” are experienced as unpleasant or distressing and tend to evoke strong negative emotional, physiological, and behavioural responses that are not seen in most other people
- can have a reaction even with a picture
- babies, animals, yourself, and nature are not as bad
- there is a physiological reaction: sweating, rapid heartbeat
- treat with McGurk effect
134
What do neurons in the Primary Visual Cortex (area V1) respond to?
a. Moving bars of light
b. Spots of light
c. Oriented edges
d. Complex shapes
c
135
What do the distorted body parts of the somatosensory homunculus represent?
a. Larger body parts are denser with touch receptors and have greater representation in the cortex
b. Smaller body parts respond faster to touch stimuli
c. Larger body parts respond faster to touch stimuli
d. Smaller body parts have fewer touch receptors and have greater representation in the cortex
a
136
What type of strategy does our brain use to decide on a precept that involves specific knowledge of the stimulus?
a. bottom-up processing
b. deep processing
c. up-down processing
d. top-down processing
d
137
True or false: the Necker Cube is an example of the fact that perception involves a lot of guessing.
true
138
Where are you more likely find the type of tactile receptors that respond to small, light touch?
a. Shoulders
b. Fingertips
c. Eyes
d. Ankle
b
139
What is the phonemic restoration effect?
a. The brain filling in details of objects that we cannot completely see based on expectation
b. The brain filling in details of missing sounds from a speech signal based on sensory input
c. The brain filling in details of missing sounds from a speech signal based on expectation
c
140
What do illusions reveal about human perception?
a. Our brains cannot be tricked
b. They are always perceived in black and white
c. They clear the ambiguity of all sensory stimuli
d. They reveal the underlying assumptions our brain makes
d
141
Other than sensory input, what might influence our perception?
a. Previous experience
b. Our physiological state
c. Nothing other than sensory input influences perception
d. The reflective properties of an object
a
142
What do you find at the fovea?
a. Rods
b. The blind spot
c. Rods & Cones
d. Cones
d
143
Which class of sensory receptor can be found in internal organs and measure the buildup of chemicals related to tissue damage?
a. Thermoreceptors
b. Chemoreceptors
c. Photoreceptors
d. Mechanoreceptors
b
144
True or false: The senses of olfaction and gustation are more behaviourally relevant to human cognition than the senses of audition and vision.
False
145
Which of the following allows you to determine how far an object is from your eyes?
a. Visual grouping
b. Image segmentation
c. Top-down processing
d. Depth perception
d
146
Which photoreceptors are responsible for vision in lower light conditions?
a. rods
b. cones
a
147
The direct perception model says that behaviour is created based on:
a. Positive feedback loop
b. Sensory input
c. Continuous perception/action loop
d. An intermediate mental model
c
148
Which is the correct explanation for the Gestalt Law of Good Continuation?
a. tendency to group together stimuli that form a smooth and continuous path
b. tendency to perceive objects as enclosed figures
c. tendency to group together stimuli that physically resemble each other as part of the same object
d. tendency to perceive objects as one part which move in the same direction
a
149
Which property of sound reveals information about the loudness of the sound?
a. Amplitude
b. Pitch
c. Frequency
d. Wavelength
a
150
You are a Greeble expert - you are particularly good at discriminating between sets of computer-generated stimuli called Greebles. Which brain region is involved in your visual expertise?
a. Primary Visual Area (V1)
b. Lateral Occipital Cortex (LOC)
c. Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
c
151
True or false: There are far more chemical receptors in the nasal cavity than there are on the tongue.
True
152
Where can you find olfactory sensory receptors?
a. olfactory cortex
b. olfactory epithelium
c. olfactory bulb
b
153
Objects that are closer to your eyes produce ________ images on your retina.
a. Distorted
b. Larger
c. Horizontal
d. Smaller
b
