Attention And Memory

Question 1

The experience of being at a party and talking to someone in one part of the room, when you suddenly hear your name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room

Answer 1

Cocktail party phenomenon

Question 2

Built into and linked with our cognition

Answer 2

Embodied

Question 3

Occur when the perceptual processes that normally help us correctly perceive the world around us are fooled by a particular situation so that we see something that does not exist or is incorrect

Answer 3

Illusions

Question 4

The fact that the moon is perceived to be about 50% larger when it is near the horizon than when it is seen overhead, despite the fact that in both cases the moon is the same size and casts the same retinal image

Answer 4

Moon illusion

Question 5

The line segment in the bottom arrow looks longer to us than the one on the top, even though they are both the same length

Answer 5

Mueller-lyer illusion

Question 6

The ability to perceive a stimulus as constant despite changes in sensation

Answer 6

Perceptual constancy

Question 7

Quick, simultaneous movements of the eyes

Answer 7

Saccades

Question 8

The ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information

Answer 8

Selective attention

Question 9

Decrease in sensitivity of a receptor to a stimulus after constant stimulation

Answer 9

Sensory adaptation

Question 10

The working together of different senses to create experience

Answer 10

Sensory interaction

Question 11

An experience in which one sensation (eg hearing a sound) creates experiences in another (eg vision)

Answer 11

Synesthesia

Question 12

An experimental task in which two messages are presented in different ears

Answer 12

Dichotic listening

Question 13

The ability to flexibly allocate attentional resources between two or more concurrent tasks

Answer 13

Divided attention

Question 14

The failure to notice a fully visible object when attention is devoted to something else

Answer 14

Inattentional blindness

Question 15

The notion that humans have limited mental resources that can be used at a given time

Answer 15

Limited capacity

Question 16

The ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information

Answer 16

Selective attention

Question 17

A task in which the individual is asked to repeat an auditory message as its presented

Answer 17

Shadowing

Question 18

The ability to process information for meaning when the individual is not consciously aware

Answer 18

Subliminal perception

Question 19

The auditory analog of inattentional blindness. People fail to notice an unexpected sound or voice when attention is devoted to other aspects of a scene

Answer 19

Inattentional deafness

Question 20

A method for studying selective attention in which people focus attention on one auditory stream of information while deliberately ignoring other auditory information

Answer 20

Selective listening

Question 21

The part of working memory that directs attention and processing

Answer 21

Central executive

Question 22

Process of organizing information into smaller groups thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in short term memory

Answer 22

Chunking

Question 23

We learn, often without effort or awareness, to associate neutral stimuli (such as a sound or light) with another stimulus (such as food), which creates a naturally occurring response such as enjoyment

Answer 23

Classical conditioning effects

Question 24

Auditory sensory memory

Answer 24

Echoic memory

Question 25

When people can report details of an image over long periods of time (aka photographic memory)

Answer 25

Eidetic imagery

Question 26

The ability to learn and retrieve new information or episodes in one’s life

Answer 26

Episodic memory

Question 27

Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered

Answer 27

Explicit memory

Question 28

Visual sense memory

Answer 28

Iconic memory

Question 29

A type of long term memory that does not require conscious thought to encode. It’s made without intent

Answer 29

Implicit memory

Question 30

Storage of information over an extended period of time

Answer 30

Long term memory

Question 31

Process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory

Answer 31

Maintenance rehearsal

Question 32

Name the three memory stages

Answer 32

Sensory, short term, long term

Question 33

The activation of certain thoughts or feelings that make them easier to think of and act upon

Answer 33

Priming

Question 34

Our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things

Answer 34

Procedural memory

Question 35

Measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has been previously remembered

Answer 35

Recall memory

Question 36

Measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether information has been seen or learned before

Answer 36

Recognition memory test

Question 37

Assess how much more quickly information is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned and forgotten

Answer 37

Relearning

Question 38

The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have (facts and concepts)

Answer 38

Semantic memory

Question 39

Brief storage of sensory information

Answer 39

Sensory information

Question 40

The place where small amounts of information can be temporarily stored for more than a few seconds but usually less than one minute

Answer 40

Short term memory

Question 41

Two main types of memory

Answer 41

Explicit and implicit

Question 42

The form of memory we use to hold onto information temporarily, usually for the purpose of manipulation (to process into long term)

Answer 42

Working memory

Question 43

Memory for events of one’s life

Answer 43

Autobiographical memory

Question 44

The process occurring after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces

Answer 44

Consolidation

Question 45

The principle stating that the more memories are associated to a particular retrieval cue, the less effective the cue will be in prompting retrieval of any one memory

Answer 45

Cue overload principle

Question 46

The principle that unusual events (in a context of similar events) will be recalled and recognized better than uniform (non distinctive) events

Answer 46

Distinctiveness

Question 47

The initial experience of perceiving and learning events

Answer 47

Encoding

Question 48

The hypothesis that a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram or memory traced

Answer 48

Encoding specificity principle

Question 49

A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event; also, memory trace

Answer 49

Engrams

Question 50

Memory for events in a particular time and place

Answer 50

Episodic memory

Question 51

Vivid personal memories of receiving the news of some momentous and emotional event

Answer 51

Flashbulb memory

Question 52

Term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event

Answer 52

Memory traces

Question 53

When erroneous information occurring after an event is remembered as having been part of the original event

Answer 53

Misinformation effect

Question 54

Strategy for remembering large amounts of information usually involving imaging events occurring in a journey or with some other set of memories cues

Answer 54

Mnemonic devices

Question 55

Process during learning of taking information in one form and converting it to another form, usually one more easily remembered

Answer 55

Recoding

Question 56

The process of accessing stored information

Answer 56

Retrieval

Question 57

The phenomenon whereby events that occur after some particular event of interest will usually cause forgetting of the original event

Answer 57

Retroactive interference

Question 58

The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have

Answer 58

Semantic memory

Question 59

The stage in the learning/memory process that bridges encoding and retrieval; the persistence of memory over time

Answer 59

Storage

Question 60

Inability to form new memories for facts and events after the onset of amnesia

Answer 60

Anterograde amnesia

Question 61

Process by which a memory trace is stabilized and transformed into a more durable form

Answer 61

Consolidation

Question 62

The fading of memories with the passage of time

Answer 62

Decay

Question 63

Conscious memories for facts and events

Answer 63

Declarative memory

Question 64

Loss of autobiographical memories from a period in the past in the absence of brain injury or disease

Answer 64

Dissociative amnesia

Question 65

Process by which information gets into memory

Answer 65

Encoding

Question 66

Other memories get in the way of retrieving a desired memory

Answer 66

Interference

Question 67

Inner region of the temporal lobes that includes the hippocampus

Answer 67

Medial temporal lobes

Question 68

Process by which information is accessed from memory and utilized

Answer 68

Retrieval

Question 69

Inability to retrieve memories for facts and events acquired before onset of amnesia

Answer 69

Retrograde amnesia

Question 70

Inability to retrieve memories from just prior to the onset of amnesia with intact memory for more remote events

Answer 70

Temporally graded retrograde amnesia

Question 71

Five reasons we forget

Answer 71

``` Information was not encoded in the first place Decay Interference Inadequate retrieval cues Trying not to remember ```

Question 72

Memory for an event that never actually occurred, implanted by experimental manipulation or other means.

Answer 72

False memories

Question 73

Any member of a lineup other than the suspect

Answer 73

Foils

Question 74

A memory error caused by exposure to incorrect information between the event and later memory test (interview, lineup, court etc)

Answer 74

Misinformation effect

Question 75

A research subject who plays the part of a witness in a study

Answer 75

Mock witnesses

Question 76

A selection of normally small photographs of faces given to a witness for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator

Answer 76

Photo spread

Question 77

A memory template, created through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events

Answer 77

Schema (plural: schemata)