Attention and Memory Week 10

Question 1

sensory interaction

Answer 1

The working together of different senses to create experience

Question 2

synethesia

Answer 2

An experience in which one sensation (e.g., hearing a sound) creates experiences in another (e.g., vision).

Question 3

selective attention

Answer 3

The ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information.

Question 5

cocktail party phenomenonon

Answer 5

The experience of being at a party and talking to someone in one part of the room, when suddenly you hear your name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room

Question 6

sensory adaptation

Answer 6

Decrease in sensitivity of a receptor to a stimulus after constant stimulation.
- cold swimming pool stops feeling cold

Question 7

habituation

Answer 7

loud traffic outside apartment not noticeable

Question 8

saccades

Answer 8

Quick, simultaneous movements of the eyes

Question 9

perceptual consistancy

Answer 9

The ability to perceive a stimulus as constant despite changes in sensation

Question 10

illusions

Answer 10

Occur when the perceptual processes that normally help us correctly perceive the world around us are fooled by a particular situation so that we see something that does not exist or that is incorrect.

Question 11

Mueller-Lyer illusion

Answer 11

The line segment in the bottom arrow looks longer to us than the one on the top, even though they are both actually the same length

Question 12

moon illusion

Answer 12

The fact that the moon is perceived to be about 50% larger when it is near the horizon than when it is seen overhead, despite the fact that in both cases the moon is the same size and casts the same size retinal image

Question 13

Ponzo illusion

Answer 13

length of yellow lines on rail road

Question 14

embodied

Answer 14

Built into and linked with our cognition

Question 15

Human factors field

Answer 15

field of psychology that uses psychological knowledge, including the principles of sensation and perception, to improve the development of technology.

Question 16

Describe how sensation and perception work together through sensory interaction, selective attention, sensory adaptation, and perceptual constancy.

Give examples of how our expectations may influence our perception, resulting in illusions and potentially inaccurate judgments.

Question 17

William James attention

Answer 17

the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalization, concentration of consciousness are of its essence. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.

Question 18

limited capacity

Answer 18

The notion that humans have limited mental resources that can be used at a given time.

Question 19

divided attention

Answer 19

The ability to flexibly allocate attentional resources between two or more concurrent tasks.

Question 20

selective attention

Answer 20

The ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information.

Question 21

dichotic listening

Answer 21

An experimental task in which two messages are presented to different ears.

Question 22

shadowing

Answer 22

A task in which the individual is asked to repeat an auditory message as it is presented.

Question 23

Broadbent’s 1958 Filter Model

Answer 23

He found that people select information on the basis of physical features: the sensory channel (or ear) that a message was coming in, the pitch of the voice, the color or font of a visual message.

Question 24

Treisman’s Attenuation Model

Answer 24

you tend to hear meaningful information even when you aren’t paying attention to it, suggest that we do monitor the unattended information to some degree on the basis of its meaning.

Question 25

Deutsch (1963) Late Selection Models

Answer 25

all information in the unattended ear is processed on the basis of meaning, not just the selected or highly pertinent information. However, only the information that is relevant for the task response gets into conscious awareness.

Question 26

subliminal perception

Answer 26

stimuli presented below the threshold for awareness can influence thoughts, feelings, or actions

Question 27

What was a general concern with Broadbent’s Filter Model, Treisman’s Attenuation Model, and Late Selection Models?

Answer 27

They lacked the ability to account for all of the data solution: multimodal

Question 28

The percentage of people who can truly perform cognitive tasks without impairing their driving performance is estimated to be about:

Answer 28

2%

Question 29

Understand why selective attention is important and how it can be studied. Learn about different models of when and how selection can occur. Understand how divided attention or multitasking is studied, and implications of multitasking in situations such as distracted driving.

Question 30

dichotic listening

Answer 30

An experimental task in which two messages are presented to different ears.

Question 31

selective listening

Answer 31

A method for studying selective attention in which people focus attention on one auditory stream of information while deliberately ignoring other auditory information.

Question 32

inattentional blindness

Answer 32

The failure to notice a fully visible, but unexpected, object or event when attention is devoted to something else.

Question 33

inattentional deafness

Answer 33

The auditory analog of inattentional blindness. People fail to notice an unexpected sound or voice when attention is devoted to other aspects of a scene.

Question 34

Learn about inattentional blindness and why it occurs. Identify ways in which failures of awareness are counterintuitive. Better understand the link between focused attention and failures of awareness.

Question 35

What are the two types of memory

Answer 35

implicit explicit

Question 36

Three major memory stages (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968)

Answer 36

sensory short-term long-term

Question 37

long term memory

Answer 37

storage of information over an extended period

Question 38

explicit memory

Answer 38

knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered

Question 39

two types of explicit memory

Answer 39

episodic semantic

Question 40

episodic memory

Answer 40

The ability to learn and retrieve new information or episodes in one’s life.

Question 41

semantic memory

Answer 41

The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have.

Question 42

recall memory

Answer 42

a measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered

Question 43

recognition memory test

Answer 43

a measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether information has been seen or learned before

Question 44

relearning

Answer 44

assess how much more quickly information is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned but then forgotten

Question 45

implicit memory

Answer 45

A type of long-term memory that does not require conscious thought to encode. It’s the type of memory one makes without intent.

Question 46

procedural memory

Answer 46

our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things

Question 47

classical conditioning effects

Answer 47

we learn, often without effort or awareness, to associate neutral stimuli (such as a sound or a light) with another stimulus (such as food), which creates a naturally occurring response, such as enjoyment or salivation

Question 48

Priming

Answer 48

the activation of certain thoughts or feelings that make them easier to think of and act upon

Question 49

iconic memory

Answer 49

Visual sensory memory

Question 50

echoic memory

Answer 50

Auditory sensory memory

Question 51

eidetic memory

Answer 51

When people can report details of an image over long periods of time (also known as photographic memory)

Question 52

short term memory (STM)

Answer 52

the place where small amounts of information can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually for less than one minute

Question 53

working memory

Answer 53

The form of memory we use to hold onto information temporarily, usually for the purposes of manipulation.

Question 54

central executive

Answer 54

the part of working memory that directs attention and processing

Question 55

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 55

the process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory.

Question 56

chunking

Answer 56

the process of organizing information into smaller groupings (chunks), thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in STM

Question 57

____________ refers to knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered. ____________ refers to the firsthand experiences that we have had. _____________ refers to our knowledge of facts and concepts about the world.

Answer 57

Explicit memory Episodic memory Semantic memory

Question 58

The three types of implicit memory are (3)

Answer 58

procedural memory classical conditioning and priming.

Question 59

____________ is the process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory

Answer 59

maintenance rehearsal

Question 60

Compare and contrast explicit and implicit memory, identifying the features that define each. Explain the function and duration of eidetic and echoic memories. Summarize the capacities of short-term memory and explain how working memory is used to process information in it.