Multi-Step Processes

Question 1

Essential elements of science

Answer 1

1) Systematic observation is the core of science
- scientists use controlled conditions, empirical methods

2) Observation leads to hypotheses we can test

3) Science is democratic
- form your own opinions and debate conclusions

4) Science is cumulative
- learn from important truths of past scientists and build on them

Question 2

Ethics of Scientific psychology

Answer 2

1) informed consent: people should know what research is involved

2) confidentiality: private not public

3) privacy: no private documents should be asked / research not conducted in the bedroom

4) outlining the benefits and the risks: is it worth it

5) deception: debrief on deception afterwards

Question 3

features of a scientific theory

Answer 3

Accuracy
Consistency
Scope
Simplicity
Fruitfulness

Question 4

Canadian Psych Association Code of Ethics

Answer 4

Respect for the dignity of persons & peoples
Responsible caring
Integrity in relationships
Responsibility to society

Question 5

Key components to statistical investigation

Answer 5

Planning the study: ask a testable research question, how to collect data

Examining the data: How? Graphs, stats. Relevant data reveals what?

Inferring from the data: what are valid methods to draw inferences BEYOND data collected

Drawing conclusions: who do these conclusions apply to? Cause-and-effect conclusion?

Question 6

Two fundamental aspects of Statistical Thinking

Answer 6

1. Data Vary. Values of a variable vary.

2: Distribution of the variable offers insights.

Question 7

The scientific method of statistical thinking HDCAR

Answer 7

Hypothesis
Design Study
Conduct Study
Analyze data
Report results

Question 8

Five research methods for studying daily life

Answer 8

1. Collecting usage data via smartphones
2. Sampling daily experiences
3. Sampling daily behaviour
4. Sampling daily physiology
5. Sampling online behaviour

Question 9

Real-world, subtle measures for assessing behaviour

Answer 9

Personality type correlation to room design

professional space design such as office desk

garbage analysis

Question 10

List examples of biological signals we can record with portable devices

Answer 10

electrocardiogram (ECG)
blood pressure
electrodermal activity (or “sweat response”)
body temperature
electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 11

Philosophy & Science intersect with these three problems

Answer 11

mind-body problem
free will problem
nature-nurture problem

Question 12

Define zygote + Difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

Answer 12

Zygote: fertilized egg

Monozygotic
- identical
- single zygote
- have 100% same DNA

Dizygotic
- fraternal
- two zygotes
- share 50% DNA

Question 13

What are the two large classes of adaptations?

Answer 13

1. Survival adaptations: fight hostile forces of nature for physical survival
2. Reproduction adaptations:
   - get mogged
   - what makes you attractive?

Question 14

Two ways genes boost their own replicative success

Answer 14

1. influence the odds for survival and reproduction
2. Genes can also influence the organism to help other organisms who also likely contain those genes
3. attractive always attractive which breed more attractive
4. blood helps own blood

Question 15

DNA is composed of four types of naturally occurring nitrogenous bases:

Answer 15

adenine (A)
thymine (T)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C).

Question 16

What are histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs)

Answer 16

HATs are enzymes that transfer acetyl groups to specific positions on histone tails, promoting an “open” chromatin state and transcriptional activation. HDACs remove these acetyl groups, resulting in a “closed” chromatin state and transcriptional repression.

Example
- Life experiences, like a stressful event in childhood, can cause the modification of histone proteins (pictured) to help adapt to one’s environment. For example, in response to a stressful event, histone modification of one’s DNA might occur to encourage a more cautions personality—in order to avoid future, stressful encounters.

Question 17

Two benefits of forgetting

Answer 17

1. Without forgetting, our minds would become cluttered with out-of-date or irrelevant information.
2. forgetting is a prerequisite for more learning. Difficult learning activities lead to better learning long run

Question 18

Two reasons for studying classical conditioning

Answer 18

1. straightforward test of associative learning that can be used to study other, more complex behaviors
2. Always occurring in our lives, its effects on behavior have important implications for understanding normal and disordered behavior in humans

Question 19

four aspects of observational learning according to Social Learning Theory.

Answer 19

1. attention—as, quite simply, one must pay attention to what s/he is observing in order to learn.
2. retention: to learn one must be able to retain the behavior s/he is observing in memory.
3. initiation, acknowledges that the learner must be able to execute (or initiate) the learned behavior.
4. motivation to engage in observational learning. In our vignette, the child must want to learn how to play the game in order to properly engage in observational learning.

Question 20

What are the four knowledge emotions

Answer 20

The family of knowledge emotions has four main members:

surprise,
interest,
confusion,
awe