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Psyc 303 > attention and scene perception > Flashcards

attention and scene perception Flashcards

1
Q

attention

A

any of the very large set of selective processes

can be internal or external

can be over or covert

not a single thing

family of mechanisms that restrict bias processings

provides a way to select what to be aware of, what to store in memory, and what information to use in guiding action

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2
Q

selective attention

A

the form of attention involved when processing is restricted to a subset of the possible stimuli

restricting processing to some stimuli; instead of all ability to pick one or a few out of many stimuli

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3
Q

reaction time

A

measure of the time it takes from the onset of a stimulus to a response

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4
Q

external

A

attending to stimuli in the world

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5
Q

internal

A

attending to one line of though over another or selecting one response over another

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6
Q

overt orienting

A

directing a sense organ toward a stimulus, like turning your eyes or head

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7
Q

covert orienting

A

attending without giving an outward sign you are doing so

din’t want someone to know you are directing your attention there

paying attention to something without directing sensory organs toward it

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8
Q

divided

A

splitting attention between two different stimuli

ie/ driving on the cell phone

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9
Q

sustained

A

continuously monitoring some stimulus

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10
Q

transient

A

direct attention for a moment

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11
Q

automatic (reflexive) orienting

A

unpredictable occurrences automatically capture our attention
- sudden visual onset/offset
- sudden loud noise
- sudden movement

just happens you are not thinking about it

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12
Q

volitional orienting

A

directing attention due to the goals and intentions of an individual

intend to

teacher directing attention to see if students understand

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13
Q

cue

A

a stimulus that provides a hint about where the target may appear

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14
Q

exogenous cue

A

peripheral cue

summon attention automatically by their physical salience

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15
Q

endogenous cue

A

considered something like instructions that can be voluntarily obeyed

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16
Q

inhibition of return

A

relative difficulty in getting attention to move back to a recently attended location

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17
Q

posner cueing paradigm

A

use knowledge or context to generate an expectancy about the stimulus

probe detection

study attentional orienting

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18
Q

what grabs attention earlier peripheral (exogenous) vs symbolic (endogenous) cues

A

peripheral (exogenous) cues

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19
Q

object-based attention

A

attention selects particular objects (or perhaps, potions of objects), rather than just a single location

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20
Q

inhibition of return (IOR)

A

the relative difficulty in getting attention (or the eyes) to move back to a recently attended (or fixated) location

have to overcome inhibition to go back to that location

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21
Q

visual search

A

looking for a target in a display containing distracting elements

provide a closer approximation of some actions of attention in the real world

ie/ looking for a mug in a cupboard or face in a crowd

some searches are so easy we don’t think of them as searchers ie/ finding the cold-water tap on a sink

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22
Q

set size

A

the number of items in a visual search display

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23
Q

search efficiency

A

the average increase in RT for each distractor item added to the display

measured in terms of search slope, or ms/item

the larger the search slope (more ms/item), the less efficient the search

how we can work our way through a diplay

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24
Q

salience

A

the vividness of a stimulus relative to its neighbour

stands out

target seems to pop out, so it doesn’t matter how many distractors there are

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25
feature search
searching for a target defined by a single attribute, such as a salient colour or orientation occurs in parrallel
26
parallel
in visual attention, referring to the same processing of multiple stimuli at the same time pop out RT does not change with set size salience properties like colour, size and orientation
27
conjunction search
search for a target defined by the co-occurrence of two or more features guided no single feature defined the target inefficient (between efficient and inefficient) occurs serially ie/ apple is red, round and large - eliminating most of the competition
28
serial self-terminating search
a search from item to item, ending when a target is found or all items have been checked can be luck (finding target first try) or unlucky (finding target last try) spend more time with each item slow
29
the binding problem
the challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli, which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so we perceive a unified object ▪ Example: target(s) are red vertical bars ▪ Colour, motion, and orientation are represented by separate neurons ▪ How do we combine these features when perceiving the bar?
30
feature integration theory
Treisman’s theory of visual attention, which holds that a limited set of basic features can be processed in parallel preattentively, but that other properties, including the correct binding of features to objects, require attention ▪ Attention is the glue that binds features together basic features of colour and orientation are available in a preattentive (processing of a stimulus occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus) stage of processing
31
illusory conjunction
an erroneous combination of features in a visual scene ▪ Evidence that some features are represented independently of each other and need to be bound together false combination of features from more than one object - based on info we have attention is the glue for binding to occur ie/ seeing a red x when the display contained red letters and x's but no red x
32
guided search
attention is restricted to a subset of possible items based on information about the item’s basic features (e.g., colour or shape) reduce search basic features guide visual search - can narrow down search
33
scene-based guidance
information in our understanding of scenes that helps us find specific objects in scenes ie/ toilet means you are in the bathroom
34
anchor objects
typically a relatively bug object that provides info about the location of other objects ie/ toilet provides info about location of toilet paper
35
response enhancement
an effect of attention on the response of a neuron responding to an attended stimulus gives a bigger response
36
sharper tuning
neuron responding to a stimulus more precisely effect of attention
37
altered tuning
effect of attention where the neuron responding differently to the features of an attended vs. unattended stimulus attention changes preference of neurons
38
rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)
an experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream at one location (typically the point of fixation) at a rapid rate (typically about ten per second) ▪ used to study the temporal dynamics of visual attention ▪ Attentional blink: the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli amid a RSVP stream of distracting stimuli ▪ The second target is often missed if it appears within 200 to 500 ms of the first target
39
attentional blink
the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli amid a RSVP stream of distracting stimuli ▪ The second target is often missed if it appears within 200 to 500 ms of the first target as if our ability to attend to characters in RSVP is temporarily knocked out, even if our eyes re still open attentional problem
40
repetition blindness
the failure to recognize a second occurrence of a visual display ▪ Occurs when the displays are shown within about 500 milliseconds of each other
41
priority map
a hypothetical neural representation of visual space in which the activity at each point reflects how much location (or object) will attract attention
42
lateral interparietal area
a brain region present in both parietal lobes that serves an important role in the control of attention
43
frontal eye fields
brain region in both frontal lobes that help to coordinate visual selective attention with the movements of the eyes
44
superior colliculus
a structure int he midbrain that is important in initiating and guiding eye movements
45
"spotlight" model
attention is restricted in space and moves from one point to the next. Areas within the spotlight receive extra processing attention is like a glue specific locations or objects are selected for processing that allows for binding and object recognition flashlight you can shine on it, thing outside aren't as processed
46
"zoom lens" model
the attended region can grow or shrink depending on the size of the area to be processed ▪ can vary the locus, extent, and detail set of the attentional “beam” we can change the focus the more focused attention is the more soemthing will be processed
47
global superiority effect
people noromally focus on global figure
48
attention as a filter
often focus our attention on a stimulus while excluding others
49
cocktail party phenomenon
conversing with someone while other people in environment or music - everything in environment is being processed by ears but we can still filter this to selectively process a conversation
50
dichotic listening task
how we can we bring the cocktail party phenomenon into a lab two passages being presented, one to each ear
51
Broadbent
early selection Only notice low-level sensory details of unattended channel
52
Moray
Discovered that you often notice your own name in the unattended channel contradicted broadbent
53
treisman
message switching - at least temporarily attenuated filter model
54
Deutsch and Deutsch
late selection filter - process things first all information is processed fairly deeply so we can decide what is important
55
Corteen and Wood
Initial phase: ▪ Present list of words with some city names ▪ City names were followed by a small shock Testing phase: ▪ Dichotic listening task ▪ Attended stream: unrelated (non-city) words ▪ Unattended stream: words and city names ▪ Measured galvanic skin response (GSR) Result: Increased GSR to city names (old and new) in unattended stream indicating categorical processing of unattended items Implication: unattended items must have been processed to at least the categorical level not low level processing because we have to associated cities with shock - even if its a new city
56
where is the attention filter
both Resource theories of attention: ▪ Attention has a pool of resources ▪ Resources are allocated in priority sequence ▪ The more difficult the primary stimulus processing, the less processing of other stimuli ▪ Automatic vs Controlled processing ▪ With practice, fewer resources are required ▪ Examples: learning to drive, typing, sports
57
inattentional blindness
a failure to notice a fully-visible, but unexpected object or event because attention is focused elsewhere ▪ “looking without seeing”
58
change blindness
the failure to notice a change between two scenes ▪ If the change does not alter the gist, or meaning, of the scene, quite large changes can pass unnoticed ▪ Demonstrates that we do not encode and remember as much of the world as we might think we do only take in a small portion of things
59
gist
primary character of a scene
60
visual field-defect
a portion of the visual field with no vision or with abnormal vision, typically resulting from damage to the visual nervous system ie/ mud on a windshield we can not recognize objects or find what we are looking for without attention
61
unilateral visual neglect
a condition in which a person has difficulty attending to stimuli in one half of the visual field - can't attend to things ▪ Almost always occurs in the left half of the visual field ▪ Typically results from damage to the contralateral posterior parietal cortex (PPC) ▪ Attention, NOT vision, is the issue behave as if half the world isn't there sometimes neglect one side of an object rather than one side of the visual field - object based component
62
extinction
in visual attention, the inability to perceive a stimulus to one side of the point of fixation in the presence of another stimulus, typically in the other visual field related to neglect will only respond to things on one side one object can be picked up, even if on the neglected side frequently in stroke and alzheimers makes them shave one side of the face, leave haqlf loss of attention to one side of space doesn't think to look to the side they can't see not aware of the problem, but people are pointing it out
63
blindsight
the ability to point to and sometimes discriminate visual stimuli without any conscious awareness of them ▪ Damage to V1 can interact with stimuli opposite of extinction almost seem to be doing better than they should be
64
ADHD
One of the most common disorders of attention ▪ Characterized by impulsivity, hyperactivity, inattentiveness ▪ Despite these deficits, some aspects of visual attention in those individuals with ADHD seems to be fairly typical (visual search and IOR) ▪ But have difficulty with vigilance tasks, and show larger ABs they may perform better in things they enjoy good for brainstorming - don't inhibit, more creativity difference in tasks involving temporal attention have more of an impact difficulty with day to day activities

Psyc 303 (9 decks)

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