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P/S Flaschards > Attention, Memory, Cognition > Flashcards

Attention, Memory, Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Divided Attention

A

Does not work well, individuals cannot actually focus their attention on two things simultaneously, so instead end up switching their attention between the two tasks

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2
Q

Deutch and Deutch’s Late Selection Theory

A

Places Broadbent’s selective filter after perceptual processes (all sensory information is assigned meaning)

sensory register> perceptual process> selective filter> consciousness

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3
Q

Selective Attention

A

Ability to maintain attention on something while being presented with masking/interfering stimuli

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4
Q

Exogenous/External clues

A

Capture our attention without us having to tell ourselves to look for them (i.e. bright colors, loud noises)

This is called the pop out effect

Driven by bottom up/ external events

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5
Q

Endogenous/Internal clues

A

Require internal knowledge to understand the clue and intention to follow it

For example, the cocktail party effect. Ability to concentrate on a single voice within a crowd or to respond to your name when it is called.

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6
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failure to notice something in your visual field because attention is directed elsewhere

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7
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failure to notice something from previous to a current state in your environment

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8
Q

Broadbent’s Early Selection Theory (selective attention)

A

Information first goes to a sensory register, which stores all sensory information. Information is then sent to a sensory filter, which filters out information based on physical characteristics. It then moves through a perceptual process where meaning is assigned to the information, then to consciousness.

sensory register> selective filter>perceptual process> consciousness

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9
Q

Treisman’s Attenuation Theory

A

Replaces selective filter with an attenuator that allows attended information to be processed to a greater extent

Sensory register> attenuator> perceptual process> consciousness

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10
Q

Spotlight model of attention

A

Information is taken in by all five senses, but we don’t pay attention to all of it (selective attention)

Priming occurs when one stimulus affects a response to another, even if we are not aware of it

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11
Q

Resource Model of Attention

A

We have limited attentional resources and are easily overtasked if we try to pay attention to multiple things at once.

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12
Q

Factors affecting divided attention

A

Task similarity: it is harder to multitask when tasks are similar (listening to music vs an interview while writing a paper)

Task Difficulty: it is harder to concentrate on more difficult tasks

Practice: it is easier to focus on more practiced tasks

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13
Q

Information Processing Model of Memory

A

People get input from the environment, process it, and output decisions

Bottom up model

Assumes serial processing (but brain is capable of parallel processing)

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14
Q

Two type of sensory memory

A

Iconic: visual stimuli, lasts half a second

Echoic: verbal stimuli, lasts 3-4 seconds

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15
Q

Working memory (short term memory)

A

Sensory information that you are actually working with in that moment

Can hold 7+/- 2 pieces of information at a time

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16
Q

Where is visual information processed in the working memory? Auditory information?

A

The visuo-spatial sketchpad, the phonological loop

The central executive coordinates this information

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17
Q

Serial Position affect (primacy and recency effects)

A

Information presented first and last is most easily recalled

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18
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

Combines with phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad to give memories a component of time

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19
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A
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20
Q

Two types of long term memory

A

Explicit memories: declarative and conscious

Implicit memories: nondeclarative and unconscious (i.e. procedural memory)

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21
Q

Two types of explicit memories

A

Semantic (facts) and episodic (event related memories)

Autobiographical memory combines these two types of memory

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Priming

A

Previous experience influences current interpretation of an event.

Positive priming speeds up processing, while negative priming slows it down

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24
Q

Encoding

A

Transferring information from working to long term memory

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25
Q

What is the least effective method for encoding?

A

Rote rehearsal

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26
Q

What are some effective strategies for encoding?

A
  1. Chunking
  2. Mneumonics
  3. Imagery
  4. Pegword system (one is bun, two is shoe, etc)
  5. Method of loci
  6. Self referencing: how does the info relate to you
  7. Spacing
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27
Q

What are some example of retrieval cues that make recalling previously encoded information easier?

A

1. Priming: activation of a memory without conscious awareness (if you read a book about rabbits, then asked to choose between hair/hare)

2. Context: more likely to recall info if you are tested in the same environment as encoding

3. State dependent: more likely to recall info if state/mood of endcoding matches retrieval

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28
Q

Free recall

A

Asked to recall information without cues, most difficult

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29
Q

Serial position affect

A

You are more likely to remember things at the beginning of a list (primacy effect) and end of a list (recency effect)

30
Q

Recognition

A

Being presented with several choices and asked which one was presented, easiest method of retrieval

31
Q

What are some factors that distort memory reconstruction?

A

1. False information: inaccurate recollections of an event

2. Misleading information: major problem in polic investigations

3. Source monitoring: difficulty recalling an information’s source

32
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Memories of an emotionally arousing event that feel extremely vivid, but are still subject to errors in reconstruction

33
Q

Long term potentiation

A

A type of synaptic plasticity involving the strengthening of a synapse. When a presynaptic neuron is repeatedly stimulated, this increases the postsynaptic potential. This is how learning occurs

34
Q

Ebbinhaus’s theory of decay (forgetting)

A

The rate of forgetting occurs very quickly at first, but then levels off over time

35
Q

Describe the two types of interference

A

1. Retroactive interference: when learning new information interferes with old information

2. Proactive interference: when old information interferes with learning new information

36
Q

What cognitive abilities remain stable with age?

A

Procedural memory and recognition

37
Q

What cognitive abilities improve with age?

A

semantic memories (verbal skills improve) and emotional reasoning

38
Q

What cognitive abilities decline with age?

A

Recall, episodic memories, processing speed, divided attention, and prospective recall (remembering to do things in the future)

39
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Due to lack of vitamin B1 or thiamine (converts carbs to glucose). Caused by malnutrition, eating disorders, and alcoholism.

First signs include Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Symptoms include poor balance, mild confusion, and memory loss.

KS is treatable

40
Q

Retrograde vs anterograde amnesia

A

Retrograde: inability to recall old information

Anterograde: inability to learn new information

41
Q

Semantic network

A

Describes how concepts in the mind are organized as connected ideas. Closely related concepts are closer together than less closely related ones.

42
Q

Hierarchical Semantic Network

A

Theory stating that information is stored in a hierarchical way at the highest level possible

43
Q

Modified semantic network

A

Theory stating that individual experiences and knowledge promote development of semantic network

Spreading activation refers to when the activation of one concept leads to the activation of others

44
Q

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development

A
  1. Sensorimotor Stage
  2. Preoperational stage
  3. Concrete Operational Stage
  4. Formal operational stage
45
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years old

Children gather information about the world through the senses

Develop object permanence (recognizing that an object is not there when removed)

46
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

2-6/7

Children begin to enage in pretend play and assign symbols to things

Characterized by egocentrism (can’t see perspective of others)

47
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

7-11 years old

Children learn math skills and empathy

Children learn the idea of conservation (if you take two glasses with the same amount of water and put in different sized cups, they still have the same amount of water)

48
Q

Formal operational stage

A

12+

Children learn abstract and moral reasoning

49
Q

What are the three components of the blood?

A
  1. The plasma
  2. Red blood cells
  3. Buffy coat (white blood cells)
50
Q

Plasma

A

Matrix of the blood containing water, ions, urea, ammonia, and proteins

The body regulates overall blood volume by changing the amount of water in the plasma

51
Q

What are the three proteins contained in the plasma?

A

1. Albumins: involved in transport of fatty acids and steroids, regulate osmotic pressure of the blood

2. Immunoglobulins: aka antibodies

3. Clotting factors: fibrinogen is a type of clotting protein (involved in formation of blood clots)

52
Q

Serum

A

Plasma from which the clotting protein fibrinogen has been removed

53
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Contain hemoglobin, role is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Contain no organelles (including nuclei)

54
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells, protect the body from foreign invaders

55
Q

Describe granular vs agranular leukocytes

A

Granular leukocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. They last for a very short time and fight nonspecifically against infectious agents.

Agranular leukocytes include monocytes, lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes. They last for a long time and fight specifically against infectious agents.

56
Q

Stem Cells

A

Cells from which all blood cells differentiate from

57
Q

What are platelets and why are they important?

A

Platelets are pieces of membrane bound cytoplasm torn from megakaryocytes.

They have an important role in coagulation

58
Q
A
59
Q

Is the circulatory system a closed or open system?

A

Closed; there are no openings for blood to leave the vessels

60
Q

What is the pathway of blood in systemic circulation?

A

Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood to the tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

Left ventricle>aorta>arteries>arterioles>capillaries> venules> veins> superior and inferior vena cava> right atrium

61
Q
A
62
Q

What is assimilation and accomodation?

A

Assimilation refers to how we describe new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Accomodation refers to how we adjust our schemas to incorporate new experiences

63
Q

Heuristic

A

Mental shortcut that allows us to more quickly find the solution to a problem

Two types include means end analysis and working backwards

64
Q

Type I vs Type II errors

A

Type I: false positive

Type II: false negative

65
Q

What are some factors that affect decision making?

A

1. Heuristics: mental shortcuts, include availability and representative heuristics

2. Biases: include overconfidence, belief perserverance, and confirmation bias

3. Framing effects: how the decision is presented

66
Q

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

A

There are three types of intelligence:

  1. Analytical intelligence (knowledge, measured by IQ tests)
  2. Creative intelligence: ability to adapt to new situations
  3. Practical intelligence: ability to solve ill defined problems
67
Q

Fluid vs. Crystalized intelligence

A

Fluid intelligence: ability to reason quickly and abstractly

Crystalized intelligence: accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

68
Q
A
69
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Fluent aphasia, unable to comprehend speech but can produce fluent sentences

Results from damage to temporal lobe

70
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Nonfluent aphasia, people can comprehend speech, but produce disjointed speech

Results from damage to frontal lobe

71
Q

Global Aphasia

A

When both Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas are damaged

72
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Occurs when arcuate fascilus is damaged (nerve fibers that connect Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas)

Difficulty connecting speaking and listening

P/S Flaschards (14 decks)

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