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SOCIAL psychology > Attitude + behaviour > Flashcards

Attitude + behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Attitude

A

A favorable/unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone (often rooted in one’s beliefs, exhibited in one’s feelings and intended behavior)

  • provide an efficient way to size up the world
  • formed on observation of behavior
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2
Q

ABC MODEL

A

Three responses towards an attitude object:

  1. affective/emotional responses
  2. behavioral responses
  3. cognitive responses (own knowledge/beliefs)
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3
Q

Affect (A) - feelings

A
  • measured physiologically (heart rate)
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4
Q

behavior (B) - observation

A
  • investigated observation or asking people to self report there past/present/future intentions
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5
Q

Cognition (C) - thought

A
  • requires information about participant about there knowledge, beliefs and perceptions
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6
Q

issue on stability

A

assumes attitudes are enduring across time + space
other argue:
attitude are constructed in the moment + tailored for a specific context

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7
Q

issue on relation to behavior

A

assumes attitude are linked to behavior

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8
Q

Behaviorism

A
  • classical conditioning

- instrumental learning

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9
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A learned response which results from the repeated PAIRING of a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus ( neutral stimulus + conditioned stimulus = learned response)

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10
Q

Instrumental learning

A

when behavior = modified on the basis of consequences (eg; rewards or punishment)

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11
Q

modelling

A

the acquisition of behavior on the basis of observing that of others (models)
acquisition of behavior through direct observation of other people (models)

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12
Q

social comparison

A

We base our attitudes on those of other people that we consider similar to ourselves (shared identity)
comparing ourselves to others

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13
Q

self perception

A

looking at our OWN behavior + from that deduce what our attitudes must be

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14
Q

balance theory

A

People will avoid having contradicting attitudes + evaluations of one object

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15
Q

Function of attitudes

A

Katz suggests attitude have 4 main functions:

  1. A knowledge function
  2. An instrumental function
  3. An ego defensive
  4. A value expressive
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16
Q
  1. knowledge function
A

provide a sense of structure + order, helping us to explain + understand the world

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17
Q
  1. Instrumental function
A

Maximise our chances of receiving rewards + minimizing likelihood of negative outcomes (positive function)

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18
Q
  1. Ego defensive function
A

protect threats to our sense of self by projecting insecurities about our self onto others
( protecting our ego by putting our insecurities onto others)

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19
Q
  1. Value expressive function
A

Allows us to express + reinforce our sense of self + identity by displaying those attitudes we consider important
“flexing what we have” “showing off”

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20
Q

Strategies for measuring attitudes

A
  • The likert scale (likert, 1932)
  • Osgood’s semantic differential scale
  • social distance scale (Bogardus, 1925)
  • Implicit Associations Tests (Greenwald, McGhee and Schwartz, 1998)
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21
Q

The likert scale

A 
Rate a series of statements using five categories 
1= strongly disagree
2= disagree
3=neither disagree or agree 
4=agree 
5= strongly agree
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22
Q

Semantic differential scale

A

evaluating a person and describing her with what we think, selecting adjectives, personal opinion

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23
Q

social distance scale

A

Measures people’s willingness to have close social contact with people from diverse social groups
- social/physical distance reflects underlying attitudes towards social groups

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24
Q

implicit associations test (IAT)

A

measure attitudes we hold unconsciously based on automatic associations that exist between objects and concepts
eg; implicit race bias
Faster the reaction, the stronger association

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25
Q

Issues of attitude scales

A
  • Restricting people’s responses to a narrow range of options + acquiescence bias (just saying yes)
  • Social desirability - people be simply giving us socially desirable attitude expressions rather than their true attitudes
  • people are often unaware of their attitudes (hold implicit attitudes)
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26
Q

social comparison

A

We base our attitudes on those of other people that we consider similar to ourselves (shared identity)
comparing ourselves to others

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27
Q

self perception

A

looking at our OWN behavior + from that deduce what our attitudes must be

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28
Q

balance theory

A

People will avoid having contradicting attitudes + evaluations of one object

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29
Q

Function of attitudes

A

Katz suggests attitude have 4 main functions:

  1. A knowledge function
  2. An instrumental function
  3. An ego defensive
  4. A value expressive
30
Q
  1. knowledge function
A

provide a sense of structure + order, helping us to explain + understand the world

31
Q
  1. Instrumental function
A

Maximise our chances of receiving rewards + minimizing likelihood of negative outcomes (positive function)

32
Q
  1. Ego defensive function
A

protect threats to our sense of self by projecting insecurities about our self onto others
( protecting our ego by putting our insecurities onto others)

33
Q
  1. Value expressive function
A

Allows us to express + reinforce our sense of self + identity by displaying those attitudes we consider important
“flexing what we have” “showing off”

34
Q

Strategies for measuring attitudes

A
  • The likert scale (likert, 1932)
  • Osgood’s semantic differential scale
  • social distance scale (Bogardus, 1925)
  • Implicit Associations Tests (Greenwald, McGhee and Schwartz, 1998)
35
Q

The likert scale

A 
Rate a series of statements using five categories 
1= strongly disagree
2= disagree
3=neither disagree or agree 
4=agree 
5= strongly agree
36
Q

Semantic differential scale

A

evaluating a person and describing her with what we think, selecting adjectives, personal opinion

37
Q

social distance scale

A

Measures people’s willingness to have close social contact with people from diverse social groups
- social/physical distance reflects underlying attitudes towards social groups

38
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

We feel tension “dissonance” when two simultaneously accessible thoughts or beliefs “cognitions” + behaviors are psychologically inconsistent

39
Q

Issues of attitude scales

A
  • Restricting people’s responses to a narrow range of options + acquiescence bias (just saying yes)
  • Social desirability - people be simply giving us socially desirable attitude expressions rather than their true attitudes
  • people are often unaware of their attitudes (hold implicit attitudes)
40
Q

When attitudes predict behavior

A
  1. when external influences on what we say are MINIMAL (no one is observing our behavior)
  2. when attitudes specific to the behavior are EXAMINED
  3. when attitudes are STRONG (novel situations or somebody makes us aware of them or we strongly believe in something)
41
Q

Theory of reasoned action (TRA)

A

Explains relationship between attitude + behavior

A person’s behavior is contingent upon their attitude about the behavior + subjective norms

42
Q

self perception theory

A

the theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us, by looking at our behavior + circumstances under which it occurs
- express attitudes which make us appear consistent
“here i am smoking, i must like smoking”

43
Q

Theory of planned behavior

A

how much CONFIDENCE someone believes they have in doing a behavior
- people’s behavior is shaped by their confidence in being able to perform it, or having it under their control

44
Q

Theory of planned behavior - aspects

A

attitude towards the behavior - “Im for physical fitness”
subjective norms - “my friends seem to be jogging and going to the gym”
perceived control - “i could easily do this”
= behavior intention “ Im going to start next week”
–> behavior - Start running

45
Q

when does attitude predict behavior

A
  1. when we minimize other influences upon our attitude statements + our behavior
  2. when attitude is specifically relevant to the observed behavior
46
Q

Role

A

a set of norms that defines HOW people in a given social position ought to behave

47
Q

Prototype willingness model

A

dual model of health behavior, focuses on adolescence health risk

48
Q

Measures for prototype model

A
  • subjective norms
  • prototype perceptions
  • attitudes
  • outcomes expectancies
  • social desirability
49
Q

Self persuasion

A
  • role playing
  • when saying becomes believing
  • evil + moral acts
50
Q

when saying becomes believing

A

people often adapt what they say to please their listeners

  • people tend to adjust their messages to their listeners and often believe the altered message
  • Higgin’s experiment - students adapted their message to the listener + remember mess accordingly
51
Q

Evil + moral acts

A
  • evil acts may result from gradually escalating commitments

- examples: Zimbardo + Milgram’s experiments (demonstrates how attitudes influence behavior)

52
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Feeling of tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions (not the same)
this inconsistency = unpleasant + people use different methods to combat this inconsistency

53
Q

Reactions to feeling cognitive dissonance

A
  • attempting to rationalize the behavior “everybody eats meat”
  • ignoring the truth or being in denial “Don’t want to think about that”
  • reducing the importance of their beliefs “Animals aren’t intelligent as humans”
54
Q

Theories of behavior affecting attitude

A
  • self presentation theory
  • theory of cognitive dissonance
  • self perception theory
55
Q

insufficient justification

A

reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behavior when ‘external’ justification is insufficient

56
Q

dissonance

A

when actions are not fully explained by external rewards or coercion (persuading someone)

57
Q

Education + authoritarian leadership

A
  • big rewards + punishment do not contribute to internalized behaviors
  • authoritarian management will be effective, theory predicts only when authority is present
58
Q

Dissonance after decisions

A
  • after making important decisions we usually REDUCE dissonance by UPGRADING the chosen alternative + DOWNGRADING the unchosen option
59
Q

Group identity + dissonance

A
  • what happens when groups adopt behaviors + attitudes that differ from those we personally believe?
  • people may psychologically distance themselves from those groups or attempt to change the norms of the group
60
Q

self perception theory

A
  • when our attitudes are weak/ambiguous, we are in position of someone observing from the outside
  • especially when i can’t attribute my behavior to external constraints (nobody forced me to smoke)
  • acts we freely commit are self revealing of our attitudes
61
Q

Self perception theory EXAMPLES

A
  • facial expression + non verbal behavior influence our attitudes
  • people find cartoons funnier when holding a pen in the mouth (smiling)
62
Q

over justification effect

A
  • excessively rewarding people for doing what they already enjoy may lead them to attribute their action to the reward
    -actions controlled by external stimulus not intrinsically
    “i do it because i get paid” - extrinsic motivation
    “i do it because I like it” - intrinsic motivation
63
Q

Self justification

A

” i know smoking is bad for me”, Oh well statistics aren’t right anyways
- making justification to not feel bad for doing wrong things

64
Q

self presentation (impression management)

A

” I look like a cool smoker” doing it to impress

65
Q

Attitude adjustment

A

According to the theory of cognitive dissonance:

- Steel et al 1981 experiment with alcohol used to suppress dissonance/arousal

66
Q

Attitude formation

A

According to the theory of self perception - when attitudes are not clearly defined and therefore there is NO DISSONANCE INVOLVED

67
Q

Attitude as cognitive entities

A

Involve more components, involve communication + are context dependent

68
Q

Attitude predict behavior

A

attitudes are behavior or social action

69
Q

Attitude can be measured

A

rating are too context dependent

70
Q

Attitudes are formed

A

towards predefined objects in the environment: what we have attitudes about is rhetorical construction eg; attitudes produced by language

SOCIAL psychology (7 decks)

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