Attraction and intimacy Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Need to belong
A
The motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions
2
Q
Proximity
A
Powerfully predicts liking but why ?
- availability = chances for interaction and anticipation of interaction)
- Mere exposure effect
3
Q
Mere exposure effect
A
The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively AFTER the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them
- see something and then like it more
4
Q
Interaction
A
Enables people to explore their similarities, sense one another’s liking and to perceive themselves as social unit
5
Q
Anticipatory liking
A
expecting someone will be pleasant and compatible increase the change of forming a rewarding relationship
6
Q
Implicit measures
A
Aim to access attitudes that respondents may not be willing to report directly, or of which they might not even be aware
7
Q
Matching phenomena
A
The tendency for men + women to choose as partners those who are a “good match” in attractiveness and other traits
8
Q
Physical attractiveness stereotype
A
- presumption that PHYSICALLY attractive people possess other SOCIALLY desirable traits as well: what is beautiful is good
if look good you also have other good traits
9
Q
Attractiveness
A
Whatever the people of any given time and place find attractive
10
Q
Complementarity
A
opposites - do opposites attract each other ?
complete what is missing in the other person
11
Q
Reciprocity principle
A
Human tendency to want to give something back when something is received.
Respond to a positive action with another positive action and to a negative action with a negative one
12
Q
Sprecher 1998
A
found reciprocal liking to be one of determinants of interpersonal attraction
13
Q
Lehr + Geher 2006
A
found reciprocity principle to be a stronger force for attraction than shared attitudes
14
Q
Ingratiation
A
Use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another’s favor
(self serving strategy)
15
Q
Evaluative conditioning
A
How we can come to like or dislike something through an association with something we already like or dislike
16
Q
Sternberg
A
Views love as a triangular theory (3 components)
- passion
- intimacy
- commitment
17
Q
Positive psychology
A
The study of strengths + virtues of individuals founded on the belief that people want to cultivate what is best within themselves + to enhance their experience of love, work and play
- focuses on having a pleasant, good and meaningful life
18
Q
Passionate love
A
A form of love characterized INTENSE love and longing one for the other. Passionate lovers are absorbed in each other, feel ecstatic at attending their partner’s love and are disconsolate on loosing it
19
Q
Neuroscience + passionate love
A
- involves both mind and body
- it’s a psychological experience of being biologically aroused by someone we find attractive
- adrenaline makes heart grow fonder - psychological phenomena
20
Q
Two factor theory of emotion
A
Schachter’s theory that the perception of emotion is based on 2 different cues:
- our evaluation of the ENVIORNMENT tells us which emotion we are experiencing
- intensity of PSYCHOLOGICAL arousal tells us how strong our emotion is
21
Q
Companionate love
A
An affectionate relationship where one is dedicated and devoted to a partner and his or her happiness, unlike passion love it can last a life time
- when you care about that person
22
Q
Commitment
A
Intention to maintain a relationship as well as feelings of psychological attachment to the other
23
Q
Extrinsic relationship
A
family, home or children
- physical or financial tie to the other person
- outside stimulus which tie you to another person
24
Q
Intrinsic relationship
A
Tim,emotional effort partner puts in relationship
25
Secure attachment
attachments rooted in trust + marked by intimacy
26
Preoccupied attachment
Attachments marked by a sense of one's own unworthiness and anxiety, ambivalence and possessiveness.
Positive expectation of others sense of their own unworthiness
27
Dismissing attachment
- people with negative views of others exhibit
| an avoidant relationship style marked by DISTRUST of others
28
Fear attachment
an avoidant relationship style marked by the fear of REJECTION
29
Equality
condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it.
- exchange rewards
what two partners get out of the relationship should be equal and proportional
30
equitable
Helping partner with no sort of reward just helping because you love them and care about them
those in equitable relationships are more content
31
Self disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
| - quicker online
32
Social penetration theory
closeness between people develops as a result of gradual self disclosure
33
Disclosure reciprocity
the tendency for one person's intimacy of self disclosure to MATCH that of a conversational partner
34
Conformity and obedience
.
35
Conformity - ash
a change in behavior or belief as a result of a real or imagined group pressure
36
Conformity characteristics
1. compliance
2. acceptance
3. obedience
37
Compliance
Conformity that involves publicity acting in accord with an implied or explicit request
38
Acceptance
Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure
39
Obedience
Acting in accord with a direct order or command (explicit social influence)
40
Classical conformity + obedience studies
1. sherif's studies of norm formation
2. Asch's experiment on conformity
3. Milgram's experiment on obedience
41
Sherif's studies of norm formation
He wondered whether is was possible to observe emergence of social norms in laboratory
- set in a dark room
- participants were asked to determine how much the point of light had moved
- experimental conditions; individual (day 1) VS in a group day 2
42
Autokenetic phenomena
optical illusion (like when on train)
43
Asch's experiment on conformity
Asch recreated his boyhood experience in laboratory
- you need to decide which line matches the first line and everyone knew the answer but where told to say the wrong answer and the only person which was not told the wrong answer knew the right answer but said the wrong one because was influenced by other people
- when answered alone 99% was correct
37% were responses were conforming
44
Milgram's experiment on obedience
Tested what happens when the demands of authority clash with the demands of conscience.
Milgram's empirical work is more properly described as a series of demonstrations rather than an experiment
- learner gets a shock every time the answer is wrong
(teacher, experimenter, student)
45
What predicts conformity
The more insecure we are about an answer the more we are influenced by others
46
Group size
More people = more conformity
--> minority influence + the way that a minority can sway the majority to change their way of thinking links closely to persuasion.
47
Unanimity
When someone giving correct answer punctures the group's unanimity, individuals conform only on fourth as often
48
cohesion
A 'we feeling' the extent to which members of a group are bound together
49
Self categorization theory
- the extent to which people conform to a majority depends on the relationship between the self and the majority
- the stronger group identification is, the greater group member's willingness to comply with the group norms
50
Status
- milgram (1974) reported that people of lower status ACCEPTED the experimenter's commands more readily then people of higher status
51
Public response
In experiments, people conform more when they MUST respond in front of others rather than writing their answers privately
52
No prior commitment
Making a public commitment makes people hesitant to back down
53
Social impact theory
Amount of influence that an individual experiences is a result of the combination of:
- strengths of the sources of influence (S)
- immediacy or proximity of these sources (I)
- number of sources of influence (N)
s = status and power + how bad we want to be part of that group
54
normative influence
conformity based on a person's desire to FULFIL other's expectations, often to gain acceptance
"we want to be liked"
55
informational influence
conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people
"we want to be right"
56
4 conditions that breed obedience
1. victims emotional distance
2. the authority's closeness + legitimacy
3. whether or not authority was part of a respected institution
4. presence of a disobedient fellow participant
57
victims emotional distance
40% obedience rate if learner was in the same room
58
the authority's closeness + legitimacy
21% obedience if commands given by telephone or by a "non legitimate" person
59
whether or not authority was part of a respected institution
48% obedience if experimenter was not from yale university
60
presence of a disobedient fellow participant
10% obedience if there was no defiant confederation in the room
61
Blame the victim effect
attitude follows behaviour
62
Step by step entrapment
I just administered a 100 v charge, why should I stop at 120 V?
63
Personality
Personality predicts behavior better when social influence are weak
64
Reactance
A motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom. It arises when someone threatens our freedom of action
65
AGRESSION
.
66
What is aggression ?
physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm
HOWEVER how aggression is defined often depends on the theoretical perspective and method use
- not all aggressions are intentional, can be defined as aggression that harms other but individual causing the harm is not responsible for action
67
3 explanations for aggression
1. aggression = result of biologically based aggressive drive
2. aggression = response to frustration
3. aggression = aggressive behavior is learned
68
Aggression as biological phenomenon
- Instinct theory= an innate, inevitabe, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species
- genetic influence
- biochemical influences (alcohol, testosterone, serotonin)
69
Theories of aggression
Neural influence
* Reactive aggression: an aggression response to being provoked
* Instrumental aggression: a behavior which requires aggression in order to obtain a desired reward
* Biology and behavior interact
70
Frustration
The blocking of goal directed behavior
- frustration creates a motive to agree.
unjustified frustration --> anger + aggression cues--> aggression
71
Social learning theory
We learn social behavior by observing and imitating others, and then by self regulating our own behavior accordingly
72
Aversive incidents
- pain
- heat
- attacks
73
Reciprocity principle
Asserts that we should treat like with like. So responses to a positive action should be positive, whereas those to negative action should be negative
74
Instinct behavior
Act without thinking
| - innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species
75
Susceptibility hypothesis
when features of someone's environment make him/her more susceptible to particular kinds of behavior as a consequence
76
Reactive aggression
an aggressive response to being provoked
77
Instrumental aggression
A behavior which requires aggression in order to obtain a desired (often material) reward
78
Elements of hostile aggression
Aversive situation (pain, frustration) leads to;
hostile thoughts + memories
angry feeling
arousal
79
Frustration aggression theory
Theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress
| - frustration leads to aggressiveness
80
Displacement
redirection of aggression to target other than the sources of frustration
- get angry with someone/something that did not create frustration at the start
81
Excitation transfer model
when a stare of physiological arousal is transferred from one situation to another resulting in heightened expressive behavior
82
relative deprivation
perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself
83
influence on aggression
Media influences (pornography and sexual violence)
- distorted perception of sexual reality
- aggression against women
84
Media influence
television can create aggression - correlating television viewing and behavior
children watching television (crime) later may become criminals
Exposure to violence = increase in aggression
- video games create violence
85
Catharsis
Emotional cleansing. Psychodynamic theory it is the process of expressing repressed emotions, so these no longer cause neurotic problems
86
Why does TV affect behavior?
- arousal
- disinhibition
- imitation
87
TV effects on thinking
* Desensitization
* social scripts (culturally proven mental instructions for how to act in various situations) + social representations
* altered perceptions
* cognitive priming
88
videogames
```
increase arousal
increase aggressive thinking
increase aggressive feelings
increase aggressive behaviors
decrease prosocial behaviors
```
89
social learning theory
Bandura's theory is = that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating others, and then by self regulating our own behavior accordingly
90
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful social behavior the opposite site of antisocial behavior
91
HELPING
.
92
Altruism
A motive to increase ANOTHER'S welfare without conscious regard for one's self interests
93
Egoism
A general motive to increase one's OWN welfare in all behaviors
94
Social exchange theory
theory that humans interactions are most accurately described as social transactions between people, where people exchange rewards and costs
95
Rewards
Rewards that motivate helping may be external or internal
96
Distress
Empathy evokes an altruistic motive to reduce the victim's suffering rather than an egoistic aversive - arousal motive
97
Why do we help?
Guilt
Feel bad do good
happiness
98
Guilt:
- Miller + Austin experiment
| - we are more likely to redeem ourselves with helping behavior when other people know about our misdeeds
99
Feel bad do good exceptions
- anger
| - grief
100
Feel good, do good
happy people are really helpful
- good mood comes from success and it is really helpful
- if in good mood you are more likely to help!!
101
Happiness
- relief promotes help
several factors explain the happiness - help link:
1. helping softens a bad mood and sustains good mood
2. positive mood produces positive thoughts and positive self esteem which predispose to positive behaviors
102
Helping norms
- reciprocity norm
| - social responsibility norm
103
Reciprocity norm
An expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them
PEOPLE WILL HELP
104
Social responsibility norm
An expectation that people will help those needing help
105
Rudolph's idea
We help people who are in uncontrollable situations eg; external attributions, that would create sympathy and therefore helping. People with internal attributions( can control it) do no achieve help
106
Brickman - 4 models of helping
1. The moral model
2. The compensatory model
3. The medical model
4. The enlightenment
107
The moral model
Actors= responsible for problems and solutions and are believed to need proper motivation. Helpers simply exhort people to assume responsibilities for their problems
- people seen as responsible
108
The compensatory model
People are not seen as responsible for problems but they are responsible for solutions. People need power and the helper may provide resources or opportunities that the recipients deserve
- people only responsible for solution
109
The medical model
Individuals are seen as neither responsible for the problem nor for the solution
- no responsibility
110
The enlightenment
Actors seen as responsible for problems but unable to provide solutions
111
empathy
capacity of SHARING or vicariously EXPERIENCING other people's feeling
112
kin protection
our genes dispose us to are only for relatives
113
Reciprocity
organism helps another, because it expects help in return
114
Bystander effect
the finding that the presence of several bystanders make it less likely that people will provide help. This tendency is often explained by disseminated responsibility and social comparison
