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Pharmacology II > Attraction, Sex and Love > Flashcards

Attraction, Sex and Love Flashcards

1
Q

4 mediators of attraction, sex and love

A
  1. Neurochemistry and physiology
  2. Drugs mimicking/replacing love NTs
  3. Aphrodisiacs/love potions/drugs to improve sex life
  4. Drug-facilitated sexual assault and other illegal drugs
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2
Q

3 evolutionary mating systems?

A

Lust : general sexual desire
Attraction : Focus on particular mate
Attachment : Instinct toward caretaking

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3
Q

Hormones of lust? (2)

A

Tertosterone

Estradiol

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4
Q

What are the “sexual effects” of ovulation? (3)

A

Voice is more attractive to others
The woman is more likely to wear revealing clothes, more likely to attend social gatherings
Overvalue physical attractiveness (short-term partners)

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5
Q

What hormone makes a woman more likely to cheat on their partner?

A

High levels of estradiol

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6
Q

A lack of testosterone increases what in men? (4)

What seems to help with that but causes adverse effects?

A

Aggressive behaviors
Risk taking
Energy levels
Libido

Estrogen treatments

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7
Q

Sex hormones and their effects on straight and gay traits?

A

Having older brothers : 33% higher chance of being gay, maybe due to hormones influencing mother’s immune system

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8
Q

Two factors that affect the neurobiology of attraction?

A

Sight : seeing beautiful person induces u-opioid receptors, our reward system
Olfaction : animals use sense of smell to interact, suggestions that humans do too

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9
Q

Part of a goat’s body that processes pheromones? Do humans have this? what is suggested?

A

Vomeronasal organ

No, but men and women have differences in glands, secretions, microbial flora

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10
Q

Steroid compound in men’s sweat that could be involved in pheromone processing and arousal? This seems to affect what? (4)

A

Progesterone derivative androstadienone

  1. Endocrine levels
  2. Physiological arousal
  3. Context-dependent mood
  4. Effects depending on sexual orientation
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11
Q

Mood can be communicated via what?

A

Chemicals found in sweat

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12
Q

Pheromones and mood:

There is a direct correlation between what? This affects mood by modulating affinity of ______

A

Axillary compounds and serotonin

Modulates affinity of the serotonin transporter

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13
Q

Pheromones and mate compatibility : which antigen correlates partnership, sexuality and desire to procreate?

A

HLA : human leukocyte antigen

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14
Q

HLA encodes for what gene and what type of protein?

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

Encodes cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins

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15
Q

The limbic system includes what? (3)

Functions? (5)

A

Olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, amygdala

Emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, olfaction

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16
Q

Initial giddiness, fast HR, etc… are due to what love chemicals? (3)

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Phenylethylamine

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17
Q

Attraction activates stress response, increases what two chemicals in the blood? What are three effects?
They produce what physiological effects?

A 
Adrenaline
Cortisol
1. Sweat
2. Heart races
3. Mouth goes dry
-Elation, energy, sleeplessness, craving, loss of appetite, focused attention
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18
Q

Phenylethylamine is a NT associated with what? Its release increases _____ and ______

A

Passion/attraction

Increases dopamine and norepinephrine

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19
Q

PEA controls the transition from _____ to _____

It is chemically similar to?

A

Lust to love

Amphetamines

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20
Q

PEA gets produced when….? (2)

A
  1. Meet someone attractive

2. Eat food with PEA

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21
Q

Dopamine is linked to…? (3)

It is similar to.. ?

A

Pleasure, reward, addiction

Amphetamines

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22
Q

What is the cuddling and bonding chemical? It has roles in which behaviors? (5)

A

Oxytocin

Behaviors (orgasms, social recognition, pair bonding, anxiety, maternal behaviors)

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23
Q

When do oxytocin levels rise?

A

Child-birth for mothers and new fathers

24
Q

Oxytocin promotes which main behavior?

A

ethnocentric behaviors, trusting, empathy for their group and rejection of outsiders

25
Q

Which chemical structure is similar to oxytocin?

A

Vasopressin

26
Q

What happens when you give a vasopressin receptor antagonist in prairie voles?

A

loss of devotion to each other

27
Q

Herbal drugs used to treat lovesickness or induce passion may induce some ___________ or ___________ activities, or on ______________ levels

A

dopaminergic
adrenergic
testosterone

28
Q

5 so-called aphrodisiacs? why?

A

Asparagus : vitamin E stimulates sex hormones
Chili peppers : release endorphins
Chocolate : PEA
Oysters : zinc, increase testosterone and libido
Spanish fly

29
Q

3 medications used for erectile dysfunction?

A

Viagra, Cialis, Levitra

30
Q

What typically happens in the regulation of blood flow in the penis? How do erectile dysfunction pills affect this?

A
  • Typically, NO activates guanylyl cyclase, PDE 5 promotes degradation of cGMP (GTP to GPM) , cGMP protein kinase is activated and decreases Ca2+, myosin detaches from actin, smooth muscle relaxation
  • Pill inhibit PDE5, less relaxation of muscle
31
Q

Do erectile dysfunction pills increase libido? When should they be taken?

A

No

1hr before sexual encounter

32
Q

Which has longer half-life : Viagra, Cialis or Levitra?

A

Cialis (17,5h)

Viagra/Levitra (4-5h)

33
Q

What chemical has been studies to improve arousal in females? MOA? Safe to use?

A

PT-141 or bremelanotide
MOA : activates melanocortin receptors MC1R and MC4R in hypothalamus, nerve signal to penile tissue (corpus cavernosa), NO, cGMP degradation by PDE-5 (GTP to GMP), vasodilation and erection
Not safe

34
Q

Difference between PT-141 and Viagra?

A

PT-141 doesnt act on vascular system, acts directly on nervous system

35
Q

3 inhibitors of PDE-5 in bremelanotide MOA?

A

Sildenafil
Vardenafil
Tadalafil

36
Q

“female viagra”?

Safe by FDA? side effects? (4)

A

Flibanserin : Addyi
Not safe
Dizziness, drowsiness, fainting, BP drop

37
Q

Flibanserin was initially what type of med? MOA?

A

Antidepressant (increase dopamine)

38
Q

4 recreational drugs that affect sex?

A

Cannabis
Alcohol
Cocaine
Ecstacy

39
Q

+ and - of cannabis?

A

+relaxes muscles, higher sensitivity, reduce anxiety and stress
-may make you anxious, lower testosterone and estrogen

40
Q

+ and - of alcohol?

A

+social lubricant

-erectile dysfunction

41
Q

+ and - of cocaine?

A

+arousal, sex drive and focus increase

-erectile dysfunction, paranoia, can’t relax/fall asleep, low sperm count

42
Q

+ and - of ecstacy?

A

+arousal, intense pleasure

-inhibits orgasm, decreases lubrication

43
Q

Short term effects of ecstacy?

A

release of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. More oxytocin and vasopressin

44
Q

Long-term effects of ecstacy?

A

depression of NTs (particularly serotonin)

45
Q

Dangerous effects of ecstacy?

A

increase body temp/dehydration if dancing a lot, increase need to urinate, teeth grinding

46
Q

6 drugs that can be mixed with ecstacy?

A 
caffeine
ephedrine
metamphetamine
LSD
PCP
ketamine
47
Q

Date rape drugs? (2)

A

Rohypnol, Roofies (flunitrazepam)

GHB : gamma hydroxybutyric

48
Q

Effects of roofies? (6)

How long does sedation take? how long does it last?

A

10x stronger tranquilizer than diazepam
Sedative effect, amnesia, muscle relaxation, slowing of psychomotor responses, feeling drunk
20-30min, several hours

49
Q

What happens when roofies are mixed with alcohol and other drugs? (4)

A

Unconsciousness
Slow HR
Suppressed breathing
Death

50
Q

Is GHB a natural substance in the body?

It mimics the action of ______

A

Yes

GABA

51
Q

GHB used for what? (5)

A

General anesthetic

Insomnia, depression, narcolepsy, alcoholism, improve athletic performance

52
Q

4 effects of GHB?

At higher doses? (8)

A

Euphoria
Disinhibition
Enhanced sensuality and empathogenic states
High doses : nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, visual disturbances, depressed breathing, amnesia, unconsciousness, death

53
Q

Effects of GHB last how long?

A

1,5-3h

54
Q

What is the pleasure chemical?

A

dopamine

55
Q

Which areas of the brain with dopamine have heightened activity when seeing a significant other

A

Frontal lobe

Caudate area

56
Q

What is the monogamy chemical?

A

Vasopressin

Pharmacology II (21 decks)

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