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Pharmacology II > Pituitary and Gonadal Hormones > Flashcards

Pituitary and Gonadal Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the master endocrine gland in the body?

A

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

What does it mean if the pituitary gland is in hypophysis?

A

Rests at the base of the brain

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3
Q

What is the pituitary gland connected to?

A

Hypothalamus by a stalk of neurosecretory fibers and blood vessels

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4
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located? (2)

A

Anterior and posterior lobes

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5
Q

The pituitary gland secretes hormones to control what? (3)

A

Growth
Metabolism
Reproduction

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6
Q

What does the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells produce?
These get transported to the pituitary gland by what?
These peptides do what?

A

Releasing or inhibitory hormones
Portal venous system
Stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

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7
Q

What is synthesized in the hypothalamus and where are they transported?

A

Vasopressin/ADH and oxytocin

Posterior pituitary lobe

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8
Q

8 hypothalamic hormones?

A
  1. GHRH : Growth hormone releasing hormone
  2. TRH : Thyrotropin releasing hormone
  3. CRH : Corticotropin releasing hormone
  4. GnRH : Gonadotropin releasing hormone
  5. No PRL (Prolactin) releasing hormone
  6. Dopamine
  7. Somatostain (SST)
  8. Vasopressin/ADH and Oxytocin
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9
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of GHRH?

A

Somatotropes

Growth hormone/Somatotropin

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10
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of TRH?

A

Thyrotropes

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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11
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of CRH?

A

Corticotropes

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

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12
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of GnRH?

A

Gonadotropes

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and leuteinizing hormone (LH)

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13
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of No PRL?

A

Lactotropes

Prolactin (PRL)

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14
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of DA?

A

Lactotropes

Inhibits release of PRL

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15
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of SST?

A

Somatotropes

Inhibits release of GH

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16
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of Vaso/ADH and Oxy?

A

N/A (made in hypo)

Vasopressin and Oxytocin are stored in posterior pituitary

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17
Q

What type of cell are somatotropes and lactotropes?

A

acidophilic cells

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18
Q

What type of cell are corticotropes?

A

Basophilic cells

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19
Q

What type of cell are thyrotropes and gonadotropes?

A

basophilic or chromophobic cells

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20
Q

Where are hormones stored?

A

Secretory granules

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21
Q

Somatotropin (Growth Hormone) is required for what?
What type of binding site does it have?
Effects are mediated by ______ and ______

A

Normal growth during childhood and adolescence
Two GH receptor binding sites
Jak/Stat and IGF1

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22
Q

Half life of somatotropin is ______

After the half-life it is released where? what does it bind to?

A

20-25minutes
Released into circulation
Binds to GH binding protein (GHBP)

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23
Q

Recombinant GH half-life?

A

36h

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24
Q

Action of Growth Hormone in adipose? (3)

A

Increases lipolysis
free FA production
decrease glucose uptake

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25
Q

Action of Growth Hormone in muscle? (2)

A

Increases protein synthesis and decreases glucose uptake

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26
Q

Action of Growth Hormone in Liver? (1)

A

Increase IGF-1 synthesis

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27
Q

What is the storage form of IGF in the blood?

A

IGF-1/IGF binding protein/acid labile subunit complex

28
Q

GH deficiency leads to what? (3)

What is the cause of GH deficiency? (2)

A

Failure to reach normal height
Increased body fat
Decreased lean mass

Genetic causes or damage to pituitary gland or hypothalamus

29
Q

What is essential for normal prenatal and postnatal growth?

A

IGF-1

30
Q

What is a long-acting formulation of GH done in different trials to study GH deficiency?

A

PLA/hGH complex

31
Q

Therapeutic uses of recombinant GH? (8)

A 
Growth failure in dwarfism
Prader-Willi syndrome
Noonan syndrome
Turner syndrome
Wasting in AIDS
Short bowel syndrome
Anti-aging programs
Athletes
32
Q

Side of effects of GH therapies?(4)

A

Increased activity of CYP450 isoforms
Edema
Myalgia
Arthralgia

33
Q

Example of a recombinant IGF-1 drug?

It’s used to treat what?

A

Mecasermin
Treat children with severe IGF-1 deficiency and patients with mutations in genes for GH receptor, signaling components, antibodies to GH and IGF-1 gene defects

34
Q

Two forms of recombinant IGF-1 approved by FDA?

A 
Mecasermin (rhIGF1)
Mecasermin rinfabate (complex of rhIGF1 and rhIGF binding protein 3)
35
Q

Adverse side effects of mecasermin? (2)

A

Hypoglycemia

Intracranial hypertension

36
Q

GH antagonists are used to treat patients with what? This problem leads to ____
When does the problem cause gigantism?

A

GH producing adenomas
Acromegaly
When adenomas occur before closure of epiphyseal plate of the long bones

37
Q

Small GH secreting adenomas can be treated with __________ and __________
Large GH secreting tumors are treated with ______ or ________

A

Somatostatin
GH receptor antagonists

Surgery or radiation

38
Q

Somatostatin inhibits release of what? (5)

What is 45x more potent that SST in inhibiting GH release but 2x as potent in reducing insulin secretion?

A

GH, TSH, glucagon, insulin, gastrin

Octreotide

39
Q

Example of a GH receptor antagonist? It is used to treat _______
Where does it bind?
It allows ______ but it blocks what?

A

Pegvisomant
Acromegaly
Binds to 2 GH receptor sites, one with increased affinity and one with reduced affinity
Allows receptor dimerization but blocks conformational changes needed for signal transduction

40
Q

What is a protein nearly identical to LH that acts through LH receptors?
It regulates the production of what?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Progesterone during pregnancy

41
Q

In women, FSH and LH are required for what?

A

FSH : follicular development in ovaries
LH: ovulation
Both: ovarian steroid hormone production

42
Q

In men, FSH regulates ____________ from which cells?

LH stimulates synthesis of __________ in which cells?

A

Spermatogenesis from Sertoli cells

Testosterone in Leydig cells

43
Q

FSH, LH and hCG share which two subunits?
What are the recombinant forms?
These are used to treat what? (3)

A

alpha and beta
FSH (follitropin alpha, follitropin beta), LH (leutropin alpha), hCG (chorionic gonadotropin alpha)
Infertility, assisted reproductive technologies and superovulation for transgenics

44
Q

TSH regulates levels of secretion of what (2) from the thyroid gland?
These can in turn inhibit the secretion of ____ and ____ synthesis

A 
Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
TRH and TSH
45
Q

Is TSH usually used as a therapeutic preparation?

A

No

46
Q

Name for T4? It treats what?

A

Levothyroxine

Hypothyroidism

47
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) works on the ______ ____ and releases hormones

A

adrenal cortex

48
Q

ACTH’s major glucocorticoid is ______. It’s roles include ____ and _____

A

Cortisol

Immune function and intermediary metabolism

49
Q

ACTH’s major mineralocorticoid is _______ and play a role in which activity?

A

Aldosterone

Salt-retaining activity

50
Q

Prolactin stimulates production of what? (5)

A 
Milk
Estrogens
Progestins
Corticosteroids
Insulin
51
Q

Is prolactin deficiency common?

Are PRL preparations available for treatment of deficiencies?

A

No, rare

No

52
Q

Elevated levels of prolactin could be due to what? (3)

A

PRL secreting adenomas
damage to hypothalamus
impaired transport of dopamine

53
Q

Disease related to prolactin?

What is the treatment?

A

Hyperprolactinemia

Dopamine agonists

54
Q

Role of dopamine in regard to PRL?

A

Inhibits secretion PRL from anterior pituitary

55
Q

2 dopamine agonists? What do they do?

A

Bromocriptine
Cabergoline
Bind dopamine D2 receptors in lactotropes and decrease PRL release

56
Q

Oxytocin participates in what? (3)

A

Labor
Uterine contractions
Milk ejection in lactating women

57
Q

Oxytocin acts through which receptor? and which second messenger system?

A

G protein coupled receptor

Phosphoinositide-calcium second messenger system

58
Q

Drug that acts on oxytocin? What type of drug is it? What does it treat?
Is it approved by the FDA?

A

Atosiban
Oxytocin receptor antagonist
Treats preterm labor (tocolysis)
No

59
Q

Vasopressin is released from posterior pituitary in response to what?

A

Failing blood pressure

60
Q

Vasopressin activates two types of ______

A

GPCRs

61
Q

Vasopressin mediates vasoconstriction via which receptor?

Increases water reabsorption via which receptor?

A

V1

V2

62
Q

Vasopressin deficiency leads to which disease?

A

Diabetes insipidus

63
Q

Drug that is a synthetic analog of vasopressin?

A

Desmopressin

64
Q

Inappropriate secretion of vasopressin causes increase in ______ and lowers ______

A

Blood volume

Blood sodium

65
Q

Two vasopressin antagonists? affinity for which vasopressin receptors?

A

Conivaptan (affinity for V1 and V2)

Tolvaptan (higher affinity for V2 rather than V1)

66
Q

ACTH is typically used to diagnose what disease?

A

Adrenal insufficiency

Pharmacology II (21 decks)

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