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Pharmacology II > Pituitary and Gonadal Hormones > Flashcards

Pituitary and Gonadal Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the master endocrine gland in the body?

A

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

What does it mean if the pituitary gland is in hypophysis?

A

Rests at the base of the brain

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3
Q

What is the pituitary gland connected to?

A

Hypothalamus by a stalk of neurosecretory fibers and blood vessels

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4
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located? (2)

A

Anterior and posterior lobes

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5
Q

The pituitary gland secretes hormones to control what? (3)

A

Growth
Metabolism
Reproduction

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6
Q

What does the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells produce?
These get transported to the pituitary gland by what?
These peptides do what?

A

Releasing or inhibitory hormones
Portal venous system
Stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

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7
Q

What is synthesized in the hypothalamus and where are they transported?

A

Vasopressin/ADH and oxytocin

Posterior pituitary lobe

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8
Q

8 hypothalamic hormones?

A
  1. GHRH : Growth hormone releasing hormone
  2. TRH : Thyrotropin releasing hormone
  3. CRH : Corticotropin releasing hormone
  4. GnRH : Gonadotropin releasing hormone
  5. No PRL (Prolactin) releasing hormone
  6. Dopamine
  7. Somatostain (SST)
  8. Vasopressin/ADH and Oxytocin
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9
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of GHRH?

A

Somatotropes

Growth hormone/Somatotropin

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10
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of TRH?

A

Thyrotropes

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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11
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of CRH?

A

Corticotropes

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

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12
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of GnRH?

A

Gonadotropes

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and leuteinizing hormone (LH)

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13
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of No PRL?

A

Lactotropes

Prolactin (PRL)

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14
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of DA?

A

Lactotropes

Inhibits release of PRL

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15
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of SST?

A

Somatotropes

Inhibits release of GH

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16
Q

Pituitary cell AND hormone of Vaso/ADH and Oxy?

A

N/A (made in hypo)

Vasopressin and Oxytocin are stored in posterior pituitary

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17
Q

What type of cell are somatotropes and lactotropes?

A

acidophilic cells

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18
Q

What type of cell are corticotropes?

A

Basophilic cells

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19
Q

What type of cell are thyrotropes and gonadotropes?

A

basophilic or chromophobic cells

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20
Q

Where are hormones stored?

A

Secretory granules

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21
Q

Somatotropin (Growth Hormone) is required for what?
What type of binding site does it have?
Effects are mediated by ______ and ______

A

Normal growth during childhood and adolescence
Two GH receptor binding sites
Jak/Stat and IGF1

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22
Q

Half life of somatotropin is ______

After the half-life it is released where? what does it bind to?

A

20-25minutes
Released into circulation
Binds to GH binding protein (GHBP)

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23
Q

Recombinant GH half-life?

A

36h

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24
Q

Action of Growth Hormone in adipose? (3)

A

Increases lipolysis
free FA production
decrease glucose uptake

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25
Action of Growth Hormone in muscle? (2)
Increases protein synthesis and decreases glucose uptake
26
Action of Growth Hormone in Liver? (1)
Increase IGF-1 synthesis
27
What is the storage form of IGF in the blood?
IGF-1/IGF binding protein/acid labile subunit complex
28
GH deficiency leads to what? (3) | What is the cause of GH deficiency? (2)
Failure to reach normal height Increased body fat Decreased lean mass Genetic causes or damage to pituitary gland or hypothalamus
29
What is essential for normal prenatal and postnatal growth?
IGF-1
30
What is a long-acting formulation of GH done in different trials to study GH deficiency?
PLA/hGH complex
31
Therapeutic uses of recombinant GH? (8)
``` Growth failure in dwarfism Prader-Willi syndrome Noonan syndrome Turner syndrome Wasting in AIDS Short bowel syndrome Anti-aging programs Athletes ```
32
Side of effects of GH therapies?(4)
Increased activity of CYP450 isoforms Edema Myalgia Arthralgia
33
Example of a recombinant IGF-1 drug? | It's used to treat what?
Mecasermin Treat children with severe IGF-1 deficiency and patients with mutations in genes for GH receptor, signaling components, antibodies to GH and IGF-1 gene defects
34
Two forms of recombinant IGF-1 approved by FDA?
``` Mecasermin (rhIGF1) Mecasermin rinfabate (complex of rhIGF1 and rhIGF binding protein 3) ```
35
Adverse side effects of mecasermin? (2)
Hypoglycemia | Intracranial hypertension
36
GH antagonists are used to treat patients with what? This problem leads to ____ When does the problem cause gigantism?
GH producing adenomas Acromegaly When adenomas occur before closure of epiphyseal plate of the long bones
37
Small GH secreting adenomas can be treated with __________ and __________ Large GH secreting tumors are treated with ______ or ________
Somatostatin GH receptor antagonists Surgery or radiation
38
Somatostatin inhibits release of what? (5) | What is 45x more potent that SST in inhibiting GH release but 2x as potent in reducing insulin secretion?
GH, TSH, glucagon, insulin, gastrin Octreotide
39
Example of a GH receptor antagonist? It is used to treat _______ Where does it bind? It allows ______ but it blocks what?
Pegvisomant Acromegaly Binds to 2 GH receptor sites, one with increased affinity and one with reduced affinity Allows receptor dimerization but blocks conformational changes needed for signal transduction
40
What is a protein nearly identical to LH that acts through LH receptors? It regulates the production of what?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | Progesterone during pregnancy
41
In women, FSH and LH are required for what?
FSH : follicular development in ovaries LH: ovulation Both: ovarian steroid hormone production
42
In men, FSH regulates ____________ from which cells? | LH stimulates synthesis of __________ in which cells?
Spermatogenesis from Sertoli cells | Testosterone in Leydig cells
43
FSH, LH and hCG share which two subunits? What are the recombinant forms? These are used to treat what? (3)
alpha and beta FSH (follitropin alpha, follitropin beta), LH (leutropin alpha), hCG (chorionic gonadotropin alpha) Infertility, assisted reproductive technologies and superovulation for transgenics
44
TSH regulates levels of secretion of what (2) from the thyroid gland? These can in turn inhibit the secretion of ____ and ____ synthesis
``` Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) TRH and TSH ```
45
Is TSH usually used as a therapeutic preparation?
No
46
Name for T4? It treats what?
Levothyroxine | Hypothyroidism
47
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) works on the ______ ____ and releases hormones
adrenal cortex
48
ACTH's major glucocorticoid is ______. It's roles include ____ and _____
Cortisol | Immune function and intermediary metabolism
49
ACTH's major mineralocorticoid is _______ and play a role in which activity?
Aldosterone | Salt-retaining activity
50
Prolactin stimulates production of what? (5)
``` Milk Estrogens Progestins Corticosteroids Insulin ```
51
Is prolactin deficiency common? | Are PRL preparations available for treatment of deficiencies?
No, rare | No
52
Elevated levels of prolactin could be due to what? (3)
PRL secreting adenomas damage to hypothalamus impaired transport of dopamine
53
Disease related to prolactin? | What is the treatment?
Hyperprolactinemia | Dopamine agonists
54
Role of dopamine in regard to PRL?
Inhibits secretion PRL from anterior pituitary
55
2 dopamine agonists? What do they do?
Bromocriptine Cabergoline Bind dopamine D2 receptors in lactotropes and decrease PRL release
56
Oxytocin participates in what? (3)
Labor Uterine contractions Milk ejection in lactating women
57
Oxytocin acts through which receptor? and which second messenger system?
G protein coupled receptor | Phosphoinositide-calcium second messenger system
58
Drug that acts on oxytocin? What type of drug is it? What does it treat? Is it approved by the FDA?
Atosiban Oxytocin receptor antagonist Treats preterm labor (tocolysis) No
59
Vasopressin is released from posterior pituitary in response to what?
Failing blood pressure
60
Vasopressin activates two types of ______
GPCRs
61
Vasopressin mediates vasoconstriction via which receptor? | Increases water reabsorption via which receptor?
V1 | V2
62
Vasopressin deficiency leads to which disease?
Diabetes insipidus
63
Drug that is a synthetic analog of vasopressin?
Desmopressin
64
Inappropriate secretion of vasopressin causes increase in ______ and lowers ______
Blood volume | Blood sodium
65
Two vasopressin antagonists? affinity for which vasopressin receptors?
Conivaptan (affinity for V1 and V2) | Tolvaptan (higher affinity for V2 rather than V1)
66
ACTH is typically used to diagnose what disease?
Adrenal insufficiency

Pharmacology II (21 decks)

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