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Pharmacology II > Microbiome > Flashcards

Microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

The human microbiome includes what? (3)

A

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Viruses

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2
Q

Different in number of bacterial genes vs. human genes?

A

100:1

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3
Q

Different in number of microbial cells vs. human cells?

A

Same number

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4
Q

7 diseases that involve the microbiome?

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Inflammatory bowel disease
  3. Cancer
  4. Atherosclerosis
  5. Rheumatoid Arthritis
  6. Psoriasis
  7. Gut-Brain Axis (behaviour/mental illnesses)
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5
Q

4 factors that shape the gut community?

A

Host genetics
Food
Microbial Exposures
Pharmaceuticals

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6
Q

Difference between microbiomics vs. traditional microbiology?

A

Microbiology : study a single species

Microbiomics : analysis of entire community, skip isolation of bacteria

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7
Q

What is the leptin gene useful for?

A

satisfy cravings, inhibits desire to eat

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8
Q

When knocking out the leptin gene in mice, what happens to the bacteria content of Akk. muciniphila?

A

It decreases

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9
Q

When introducing a high fat diet to mice, what happens to bacteria content?

A

Decreases

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10
Q

What happens to fat mass gain in mice when you add a probiotic to an already high fat diet?
What about normal diet?

A

High fat : probiotic decreases fat mass gain

Normal : not much difference

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11
Q

What molecule accelerate atherosclerosis?

A

TMAO : Trimethylamine N-oxide

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12
Q

How is TMAO produced?
When can phospha be converted to TMAO
Which enzyme is involved?

A

Phosphatidylcholine (from diet) converted to choline, then to TMA in gut flora (TMA lyase), then to TMAO in liver
Can only be converted when microbes exist in the gut

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13
Q

What reduces TMAO levels? (2)

A

Antibiotics

Vegan diet

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14
Q

What has shown to block TMA lyase? Where is this molecule found?

A

DMB (dimethyl butanol)

Found in foods (olive oil, balsamic vinegar, grape seed oil)

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15
Q

Abnormal gut function can lead to what type of CNS changes?

A

Stress/disease:

  • Behavior, cognition, emotion, nociception
  • Levels of inflammatory cells/mediators
  • Intestinal dysbiosis
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16
Q

How are germ free mice different from normal mice?

A

Locomotor activity increased

Anxiety decreased

17
Q

What is more effective in curing C. Difficile infection : fecal transplants or vancomycin antibiotic?

A

Fecal transplant

18
Q

What did early studies on drug metabolism show in regard to ex vivo drugs?
How was this eliminated?

A

Ex vivo : incubation of drugs in stool can cause biotransformation into bacteria.
Biotransformation eliminated when pre-treating with antibiotics and germ-free mice.

19
Q

Name a drug involved in converting prodrug to active metabolite

A

prontosil

20
Q

Prontosil is an ________ against _______ infections

A

Antibacterial

Streptococcal

21
Q

Does prontosil have antibacterial effects in vitro?

A

No

22
Q

Prontosil has reduced activity when… ?

A

Pre-treating with other antibiotics

23
Q

Prontosil is converted to ________ by which enzyme?

A

Sulfanilamide

Azoreductase

24
Q

Name a drug involved in converting active metabolite to inactive metaoblite

A

Digoxin

25
Q

Digoxin is a _____ _____ used to treat… ?

A

Cardiac glycoside

Heart function abnormalities

26
Q

Digoxin binds to what? where?

A

human Na+/K+ ATPase transporter

Cardiac myocytes

27
Q

When is digoxin inactivated? Which strain is necessary?

A 
Chemical reduction to dihydrodigoxin
Eggerthella Lenta (DSM2243)
28
Q

How to remove inactive form of digoxin?

A

Antibiotics

29
Q

What happens to reduction rate of digoxin when E.Lenta is in the presence of gut microbia?

A

Reduction increases, better metabolism

30
Q

Effects of arginine on E.Lenta and digoxin metabolism?

A

Increases bacteria

Digoxin metabolism decreases

31
Q

Name a drug that converts drug/metabolite into toxic metabolite

A

Irinotecan

32
Q

Irinotecan is a ________ for what?

A

Chemotherapeutic

Colorectal cancer

33
Q

How is irinotecan given and in which form?

A

IV

Inactive form

34
Q

How is Irinotecan metabolized? Where?(2) Into which form?

A

By carboxylesterases
Tissues and serum
Active form (SN-38)

35
Q

How is SN-38 excreted?

A

Glucuronidated in liver to SN-38-G

Excreted as bile into intestinal lumen

36
Q

What effect does beta-glucuronidase have on SN-38-G?

A

Converts SN-38-G back to SN-38 in the intestine

Toxic levels of SN-38, diarrhea

37
Q

How can you treat toxic levels of SN-38 by beta-glucuronidase? (2)

A

Antibiotics

Target BG directly with inhibitor

Pharmacology II (21 decks)

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