Atypical Gender Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the other name of gender identity disorder?

A

Gender dysphoria

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2
Q

What is the ratio of people affected by gender dysphoria?

A

1 and 11000

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3
Q

What is DSM-5 diagnosis of gender dysphoria?

A
  • Experience will affect ability to function in everyday life
  • No biological disorder should occur at the same time
  • Feel a strong sense of discomfort with their own biological sex
  • Must experience ongoing identification with the opposite sex
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4
Q

Biological explanation for gender dysphoria:

A

This is the perception that dysphoria is physiologically determined

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5
Q

Define Gender Dysphoria:

A

Strong, persistent feelings of identification with opposite gender and discomfort with assigned gender

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6
Q

What does the Brain sex theory suggest?

A

-Dysphoria is caused by specific brain structures that are incompatible with a person’s biological sex.

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7
Q

Zhou (1995):

A

studied the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc) which is assumed to be fully developed at age 5 and around 40% larger in males than females

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8
Q

Have postmortem studies provided any support for biological explanation of dysphoria?

A

Yes

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9
Q

How have post postmortems provided support for biological explanation?

A

Six male-to-female transgender individuals who had received feminising hormones, the BSTc was found to be a similar size to as heterosexual women

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10
Q

Kruijiver et al (2000):

A

Focused on number of neurons in the BSTc rather than the volume.

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11
Q

Findings of Kruijiver et al (2000):

A

six transgender individuals showed a similar number of neurons in the BSTc to those found in heterosexual women

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12
Q

Contradicatory evidence for BSTc

A
  • The BSTc is fully formed at age 5 so hormone treatment should not have an effect on the BSTc
  • But research has found that transgender hormone therapy did affect the size of the BSTc
  • Chung (2002) claims that pre-natal hormonal influences (that affect the size of the BSTc) are not triggered until adulthood
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13
Q

Is there a genetic basis for gender dysphoria?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Method of Heylens et al (2012):

A

-23 MZ twins with 21 DZ twins where one of each pair was diagnosed with GID

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15
Q

Findings of Heylens et al (2012):

A

9 (39%) of the MZ twins was concordant for GID compared to none of the DZs which would indicate a role for genetic factors in the development of GID

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16
Q

Evaluation of twin studies:

A
  • Findings are inconclusive
  • Very difficult to separate the influence of nature and nurture
  • Twins (especially MZ twins) may influence each other, and the environmental conditions they are exposed to are likely to be very similar.
  • extremely small, limiting sample
17
Q

Why are biological explanations inconclusive?

A

-Reduce complex conditions and behaviours to a simpler genetic, neuroanatomical and/or hormonal level

18
Q

Social-psychological explanation:

A

-GID is a condition learned via socialisation processes

19
Q

Psychoanalytic theory:

A
  • GID in males is caused by the child experiencing extreme separation anxiety before gender identity established.
  • The child fears separation and so replaces the symbolic mum by ‘being’ mum.
  • The consequence of this is that the child, in a very real sense, becomes the mother so adopts a female gender identity.
20
Q

Stoller (1973)

A

Interviews with GID males, they were seen to display overly close mother-son relationships that would lead to greater female identification and confused gender identity in the long-term

21
Q

What explanation does Stoller (1973)?

A

Psychoanalytic theory

22
Q

Who proposed a cognitive theory for gender dysphoria?

A

Liben and Bigler (2002)

23
Q

What was Liben and Bigler (2002) an extension of?

A

Gender schema theory

24
Q

What is the dual pathway theory (by Liben and Bigler)

?

A
  1. gender schema which direct gender-appropriate attitudes and behaviour as part of ‘normal’ development
  2. gender schemas are affected personally by the activities children engage in. If an individual’s personal interests become more dominant it can influence gender schemas developing.
25
Q

Issues with psychanalytic theory:

A
  • Not provide an adequate account of GID in females
  • cannot be scientifically observed or tested (unfalsifiable)
  • An unconscious level which is very difficult to test
26
Q

Issues with cognitive theory:

A
  • Descriptive rather than explanatory

- Other explanations provided better explanations