The Influence of Culture and Media Flashcards

1
Q

Define universal features:

A

Found everywhere

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2
Q

Would universal features support nature or nurture?

A

Nature

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3
Q

Define culturally specific features:

A

Found in some places and not others

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4
Q

Would culturally specific features support nature or nurture?

A

Nurture

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5
Q

Define the nature debate:

A

Gender differences result from innate differences between female and male (genes, chromosomes, nervous system, hormones).

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6
Q

Define the Nurture debate:

A

Gender differences result from the different experiences that females and males have as they develop (learning from family, peers, society)

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7
Q

Is there any in between of nature and nurture?

A

Yes, INTERACTIONISM

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8
Q

Define the interactionism debate:

A

Gender differences are caused by innate tendencies that are modified by environmental factors

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9
Q

Munroe & Munroe (1975)

A

Society, division of labour is due to gender lines

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10
Q

William and Best (1990)

A

-Universal agreement across cultures about which characteristics were masculine and feminine
-Men= dominant and independent
-Women= caring and sociable
Children exhibited the same attitudes

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11
Q

Evaluation of Williams and Best (1990):

A
  • Sample was drawn from a large geographical pool = representativeness,
  • students who share common attributes
  • construction of the checklist did not include an ‘equal’ category alongside the ‘male’ and ‘female’ categories so this means that the division between male and female categories may be exaggerated.
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12
Q

Method David Buss (1995):

A

Carried out a survey in 37 countries where pps had to rate the importance of certain characteristics of a potential mate

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13
Q

Findings of David Buss (1995):

A
  • Males rated good looks and youth as important because it is a good indicator of her health and ability to be a mother.
  • Women rated financial prospects, industriousness and dependability.
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14
Q

Conclusion of David Buss (1995):

A

Proposal that there are cross-cultural similarities in gender roles. Many women and men instinctively seek similar traits traits (universal features).

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15
Q

Evaluation of David Buss (1995):

A
  • Sample aimed to be representative of the general population and therefore we can generalise the findings more easily
  • SOCIAL not biological issue
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16
Q

Method of Mead (1935):

A

Detailed ethnographic study by living with various tribes in New Guinea for six months.

17
Q

Findings of Mead (1935):

A

Arapesh tribe = gentle and responsive
Mundugamor tribe = aggressive and hostile
Tchambuli tribe = reversed to western society

18
Q

Conclusion of Mead (1935):

A

Not be a direct biological relationship between sex and gender - gender roles depend on culture

19
Q

Evaluation of Mead (1935):

A
  • Underestimated the universal nature of many gender typical behaviours
  • The researcher’s presence may alter the behaviour of those being studied
  • The researcher may be misinformed by, or may misunderstand, their informants
  • Imposed etic = The researcher may impose their own preconceptions on the data
  • Type of studies are time-consuming and expensive
20
Q

Nature/Nurture debate of culture:

A
  • insight into different cultures

- impossible to separate two influences on development of gender

21
Q

What does the media provide?

A

Role models with whom children may identify and want to imitate

22
Q

Define rigid stereotypes:

A

Media may play a role in reinforcing stereotypes concerning male and female behaviour

23
Q

Does Bussey and Bandura (1999) support rigid stereotypes?

A

Yes, men are depicted as independent, ambitious, advice-givers,
women are depicted as dependent, unambitious advice-seekers

24
Q

Furnham and Farragher (2000)

A
  • Investigated the use of sex-role stereotypes in advertising
  • Men tended to be used in power positions and women in familial roles within domestic settings
  • The voiceovers tended to be male suggesting that males are deemed to speak with more authority
25
Q

Does Furnham and Farragher (2000) provide support for medias influence on gender?

A

Yes

26
Q

Does media exposure increase gender stereotypes in children?

A

Yes

27
Q

McGhee and Frueh (1980):

A

Found that people who view a lot of television tend to display more gender-stereotypical views in their behaviour and attitudes than people who view little

28
Q

Why is media information giving?

A

Exposes information of the outcomes and success of adopting behaviours (self-efficacy)

29
Q

Limitation of media and gender due to correlation:

A
  • Correlation not causation (third factor)

- No control group to compare to

30
Q

Strength of research into medias influence:

A

-counter-stereotypes (challenging traditional notions of masculinity and femininity)

31
Q

Pingree (1978):

A

Found that gender stereotyping was reduced when children were shown TV adverts featuring women in non-stereotypical roles

32
Q

What explanation would support medias influence on gender stereotypes?

A

Social Learning Theory