Cognitive Explanation: Kohlberg's Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Belief of cognitive explanation on gender development:

A

A child’s mental concept of gender becomes more sophisticated with age

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2
Q

What did Kohleberg (1966) suggest?

A

A child’s understanding of gender develops in three stages

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3
Q

What are the three stages?

A
  • Gender Identity
  • Gender Stability
  • Gender Constance
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4
Q

What is Stage 1?

A

Gender Identity

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5
Q

What age does stage 1 occur?

A

2-3 years

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6
Q

Define Gender Identity:

A
  • Sex can change
  • Label themselves ‘girl’ or ‘boy’ like their name
  • Gender labels changes when appearances changes
  • Believe that gender changes over time and situation
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7
Q

What is stage 2?

A

Gender stability

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8
Q

What age does stage 2 occur?

A

3-4

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9
Q

Define Gender stability:

A
  • Recognise gender is consistent over time (Egocentric does not realise this applies to others)
  • See certain characteristics as being fem or masc
  • E.g someone doing heavy labour must be a man
  • Boys=men
  • Girls=women
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10
Q

What is stage 3?

A

Gender Constancy

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11
Q

What age does stage 3 occur?

A

6-7

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12
Q

Define gender constancy:

A
  • Gender is fixed across time and situation despite external appearance changes
  • actively seek out role models to imitate
  • Realise that a female with short hair and doing a ‘masculine’ job is still female
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13
Q

Why is cognitive view similar to social learning theory?

A

-Gender appropriate role models to identify with and imitate

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14
Q

Why is cognitive view different to social leaning theory?

A
  • SLT believes that this process can occur at any age

- Cognitive believes that this can only occur after stage two in order to confirm their concepts

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15
Q

Method of Marcus & Overton (1978)

A
  • Flip book, children were shown ‘muddled’ pictures where hairstyles and clothes of a male and female character could be changed.
  • The children were then asked what sex they thought the character was.
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16
Q

Findings of Marcus & Overton (1978):

A
  • Younger children believed that changing clothes changes gender
  • Older children understood gender constancy
17
Q

Aim of Slaby and Frey (1975):

A

Development of children’s understanding of gender in relation to the attention they give to the same-sex models

18
Q

Method of Slaby and Frey (1975):

A
  • Age of 2-5 , divided into high and low gender constancy groups, shown a silent film
  • 2 adult models, one male and one female carrying out the same task, screen was split
  • Children watched both films at the same time and eye movement and direction of gaze were recorded to assess which film they looked at most.
19
Q

Findings of Slaby and Frey (1975):

A

Children with higher levels of gender constancy spent more time watching sex-appropriate model

20
Q

Does Slaby and Frey (1975) research support Kohlberg’s theory?

A

Yes

21
Q

Findings of Bussey and Bandura (1992):

A

Children as young as four reported ‘feeling good’ when playing with gender-appropriate toys

22
Q

Does Bussey and Bandura (1992) support Kohlberg’s theory?

A

No, supports gender-schema theory

23
Q

What are the methodological issues with Kohlberg’s theory?

A
  • Used interviews with children who were very young

- The questions were tailored but not necessarily understood nor have the ability to express understanding

24
Q

Does Kohlberg’s theory support the biological approach?

A

Yes, stages occur due to the biological development of the brain and cognitive and intellectual capacity with age

25
Q

Is it possible that Kohlberg’s theory is universal?

A

Yes (Munro et al showed cross-cultural findings of these three stages)

26
Q

Limitation of Kohlberg’s Theory:

A

Description rather than explanation