AUBF 2 BOOK

Question 1

Approximately how many g of feces is excreted in a 24-hour period

Answer 1

100 to 200 g

Question 2

also known as intestinal gas

Answer 2

flatus

Question 3

Carbohydrates, especially ______, that are resistant to digestion pass through the _______ unchanged but are metabolized by bacteria in the lower intestine, producing large amounts of _____

Answer 3

oligosaccharides
upper intestine
flatus

Question 4

primary site for the final breakdown and reabsorption of ingested proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

Answer 4

small intestine

Question 5

Digestive enzymes secreted into the small intestine by the ____ include trypsin, chymotrypsin, amino peptidase, and lipase

Answer 5

pancreas

Question 6

digestive enzymes

Answer 6

trypsin, chymotrypsin, amino peptidase, and lipase

Question 7

Bile salts provided by the liver aid in the digestion of ___

Answer 7

fat

Question 8

approximately _____ of ingested fluid, saliva, gastric, liver, pancreatic, and intestinal secretions enter the digestive tract each day.

Answer 8

9000 mL

Question 9

Under normal conditions, only between ______ of this fluid reaches the large intestine, and only about ______ is excreted in the feces

Answer 9

500 to 1500 mL
150 mL

Question 10

______ and _____ are readily absorbed in both the small and large intestines, resulting in a fecal electrolyte content that is similar to that of plasma.

Answer 10

Water and electrolytes

Question 11

The large intestine is capable of absorbing approximately _____ of water

Answer 11

3000 mL

Question 12

When the amount of water reaching the large intestine exceeds this amount, it is excreted with the solid fecal material, producing _____.

Answer 12

diarrhea

Question 13

_______, on the other hand, provides time for additional water to be reabsorbed from the fecal material, producing small, hard stools

Answer 13

Constipation

Question 14

_____ is defined as an increase in daily stool weight above ____ g,

Answer 14

Diarrhea
200 g

Question 15

The major mechanisms of diarrhea are _____, ______, and _________

Answer 15

secretory
osmotic
intestinal hypermotility

Question 16

Laboratory tests used to differentiate mechanisms of diarrhea

Answer 16

fecal electrolytes (fecal sodium, fecal potassium),

fecal osmolality

stool pH

Question 17

The normal total fecal osmolarity is close to the _____ osmolality (290 mOsm/kg)

Answer 17

serum

Question 18

normal fecal sodium is _____

Answer 18

30 mmol/L

Question 19

normal fecal potassium is _______

Answer 19

75 mmol/L

Question 20

The fecal sodium and fecal potassium results are used to calculate the ________

Answer 20

fecal osmotic gap.

Question 21

A fecal fluid pH of _______ indicates a malabsorption of sugars, causing an osmotic diarrhea

Answer 21

less than 5.6

Question 22

________ is caused by increased secretion of water

Answer 22

Secretory diarrhea

Question 23

Enterotoxin-producing organisms such as ____________ and parasites such as _______ can stimulate these water and electrolyte secretions

Answer 23

E.coli
Clostridium
V. cholerae
Salmonella
Shigella
Staphylococcus
Campylobacter
protozoa

Cryptosporidium

Question 24

_______ is caused by poor absorption that exerts osmotic pressure across the intestinal mucosa

Answer 24

Osmotic diarrhea

Question 25

Bacterial, viral, and protozoan infections produce increased secretion of water and electrolytes, which override the reabsorptive ability of the large intestine, leading to _______

Answer 25

secretory diarrhea

Question 26

Stool cultures a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 26

a

Question 27

Ova and parasite examinations a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 27

a

Question 28

Rotavirus immunoassay a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 28

a

Question 29

Fecal leukocytes a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 29

a

Question 30

Microscopic fecal fats a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 30

b

Question 31

Muscle fiber detection a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 31

b

Question 32

Qualitative fecal fats a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 32

b

Question 33

Trypsin screening a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 33

b

Question 34

microscopic fecal fats a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 34

b

Question 35

Muscle fiber detection a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 35

b

Question 36

Quantitative fecal fats a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 36

b

Question 37

Clinitest a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 37

b

Question 38

D-xylose tolerance test a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 38

b

Question 39

Lactose tolerance test a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 39

b

Question 40

Fecal electrolytes a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 40

b

Question 41

Stool pH Fecal osmolality a. secretory b. osmotic

Answer 41

b

Question 42

a functional disorder in which the nerves and muscles of the bowel are extra sensitive, causing cramping, bloating, flatus, diarrhea, and constipation

Answer 42

IBS (irritable bowel syndrome)

Question 43

hallmark of early dumping syndrome (EDS)

Answer 43

Rapid gastric emptying (RGE) dumping syndrome

Question 44

EDS symptoms begin _________ minutes following meal ingestion

Answer 44

10 to 30

Question 45

Late dumping occurs _______ hours after a meal and is characterized by weakness, sweating, and dizziness

Answer 45

2 to 3

Question 46

________ is often a complication of dumping syndrome

Answer 46

Hypoglycemia

Question 47

Detection of _______ is useful in diagnosing pancreatic insufficiency and small-bowel disorders that cause malabsorption

Answer 47

steatorrhea(fecal fat)

Question 48

also known as fecal fat

Answer 48

steatorrhea

Question 49

Likewise, pancreatic disorders, including cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, and carcinoma, that decrease the production of pancreatic enzymes, are also associated with _____

Answer 49

steatorrhea

Question 50

Steatorrhea may be present in both _____ and _______ conditions and can be distinguished by the ______

Answer 50

maldigestion malabsorption D-xylose test.

Question 51

If urine D-xylose is _____, the resulting steatorrhea indicates a malabsorption condition

Answer 51

low

Question 52

A normal D-xylose test indicates _______

Answer 52

pancreatitis

Question 53

The main causes of dumping syndrome include ______________

Answer 53

gastrectomy gastric bypass surgery post vagotomy status Zollinger-Ellison syndrome duodenal ulcer disease diabetes mellitus

Question 54

Malabsorption causes

Answer 54

bacterial overgrowth intestinal resection celiac disease tropical sprue lymphoma Whipple disease Giardia lamblia infestation Crohn disease intestinal ischemia

Question 55

The brown color of the feces results from intestinal oxidation of ______ to ______

Answer 55

stercobilinogen urobilin

Question 56

stools that appear pale (acholic stools) may signify a blockage of the _______

Answer 56

bile duct.

Question 57

Blood that originates from the esopha- gus, stomach, or duodenum takes approximately______ to appear in the stool;

Answer 57

3 days

Question 58

The presence of ________, a component of granulocyte secondary granules, indicates an invasive bacterial pathogen

Answer 58

Lactoferrin

Question 59

Microscopic examination of feces for undigested striated muscle is indicative of

Answer 59

pancreatic insufficiency

Question 60

For muscle fiber detection what stain is used

Answer 60

10% alcoholic eosin

Question 61

Neutral fats are readily stained by Sudan III and appear as large ______ droplets

Answer 61

Orange-red

Question 62

quantitative fecal analysis requires the collection of at least a __ day specimen

Answer 62

3

Question 63

gold standard for fecal fat

Answer 63

Van de kramer

Question 64

Fecal _______ is more resistant to intestinal degra- dation and is a more sensitive indicator of less severe cases of pancreatic insufficiency.

Answer 64

Chemotrypsin

Question 65

____________ is pancreas specific and its concentration is about five times higher than in pancreatic juice.

Answer 65

fecal elastase I

Question 66

The presence of increased ______ in the stool pro- duces osmotic diarrhea from the osmotic pressure of the un- absorbed sugar in the intestine drawing in fluid and electrolytes.

Answer 66

Carbohydrate

Question 67

increased concentration of carbohydrate can be detected by performing a ________ on the fecal specimen.

Answer 67

Copper reduction test

Question 68

Analyzing specimens obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a method for obtaining cellular, immunologic, and microbiologic information from the ___________

Answer 68

Lower respiratory tract

Question 69

Desired fluid volume in BAL

Answer 69

10-20 mL

Question 70

Most frequeny seen WBC In BAL

Answer 70

Macrophage

Question 71

Bronchoalveolar lavage is becoming an important diagnos- tic test for ______ in immunocompromised patients.

Answer 71

P.carinii

Question 72

______ has become a significant opportunistic pathogen in patients with AIDS.

Answer 72

C. Neoformans