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Auditory Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of outer ear

A

Ear pinna & external auditory meatus (canal)

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2
Q

Function of outer ear

A

To transmit sound to tympanic membrane

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3
Q

Parts of middle ear

A

Ossicles and Eustachian Tube

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4
Q

Name the ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

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5
Q

Function of the ossicles

A

Transmit sound from tympanic membrane to oval window and amplify sound

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6
Q

Function of Eustachian tube

A

Equilibrate air pressure between inner and outer ear

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7
Q

Parts of inner ear

A

Cochlea, perilymph, and endolymph

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8
Q

Bone surrounding cochlea

A

Petrous part of temporal bone

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9
Q

Describe bone conduction

A

Vibration of the bones in the skull causes the air within the ear canal, and therefore fluid within the inner ear, to oscillate, transmitting sound

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10
Q

Desribe ossicular conduction

A

Vibrations pass from air into inner ear, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, and cochlear fluid (in that order)

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11
Q

What is the most important type of conduction?

A

Ossicular conduction

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12
Q

What is the frequency of a sound wave related to?

A

Pitch

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13
Q

What is the amplitude of a sound wave related to?

A

Intensity (loudness)

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14
Q

Which muscle in the middle ear is innervated by a branch of the trigeminal nerve, originates at the malleus, and inserts near the Eustachian tube?

A

Tensor typmani muscle

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15
Q

Which muscle of the middle ear is innervated by a branch of the facial nerve, originates at the stapes, and attaches to the wall of the middle ear?

A

Stapedius muscle

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16
Q

Function of stapedius muscle

A

Attenuate how loud our voice seems when we speak

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17
Q

What is the name of the apex of the cochlea?

A

Helicotrema

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18
Q

Describe the bony labyrinth

A
  • Made up of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani

- Contains perilymph

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19
Q

What is the course of scala vestibuli?

A

Oval window to helicotrema

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20
Q

What membrane separates the scala vestibuli from the cochlear duct?

A

Vestibular membrane (aka Reissner’s membrane)

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21
Q

What is the course of scala tympani?

A

Helicotrema to round window

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22
Q

What membrane separates the scala tympani from the cochlear duct?

A

Basilar membrane

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23
Q

What is another name for the cochlear duct?

A

Scala media

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24
Q

What sits on the basilar membrane?

A

Organ of Corti

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25
Describe the membranous labyrinth
- Portion of inner ear containing the cochlear duct and Organ of Corti - Filled with endolymph - Important because this is where transduction of sound waves to nervous impulses occurs
26
What bone sits on the membrane of the oval window?
Stapes
27
Where does the perilymph come from?
Periosteal lining of scala tympani and vestibuli
28
Describe perilymph
- Secreted by periosteal lining - High in sodium and chlorine ion, low in protein - Only in bony labyrinth - Deposited into subarachnoid space via the perilymphatic duct
29
Where does endolymph come from?
Stria vascularis
30
Describe endolymph
- Secreted by stria vascularis - Low in protein and sodium, high in potassium - Only in membranous labyrinth - Reabsorbed into blood through subdural endolymphatic sac
31
What are stereocilia?
Hair cell cilia in organ of corti that is v-shaped, tethered together, and pointed toward the spiral ligament
32
How many rows of outer hair cells are there?
3
33
How many rows of inner hair cells are there?
1
34
Which hair cells insert into the tectorial membrane?
Outer hair cells
35
What are olivocochlear nerve fibers?
Fibers in the cochlear nerve that send inhibitory signals to outer hair cells
36
What are columnar or cuboidal cells?
Support cells adjacent to the hair cells in the Organ of Corti
37
How are oscillations transmitted to the basilar membrane?
1) Tympanic membrane --> 2) ossicles --> 3) oval window --> 4) scala vestibuli --> 5) vestibular membrane --> 6) cochlear duct --> 7) basilar membrane
38
Describe the tonotopic map
Different areas of the basilar membrane oscillate optimally at different frequencies of sound
39
What is the electrochemical potential of the endolymph and what causes it predominantly?
+ 80V, caused by the high K+ concentration
40
Most sensory transduction occurs via which row of hair cells?
Inner row of hair cells
41
What is the purpose of outer hair cells?
To amplify movements of cilia of the inner hair cells
42
What movement of stereocilia causes depolarization of hair cells?
Movement toward the kinocilia | bc opens K+ channels and increases K+ permeability
43
What movement of stereocilia causes hyperpolarization of hair cells?
Movement away from kinocilia | bc closes K+ channels and decreases K+ permeability
44
What happens when hair cells depolarize?
Voltage-gated calcium channels open
45
What does increased calcium cause to happen in the hair cells?
Calcium triggers release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles of hair cells
46
What neurotransmitter causes depolarization of cochlear nerve fiber terminals and increases action potential discharge to the CNS?
Glutamate
47
What is the tonotopic distribution of hair cells and their associated cochlear nerve fibers?
- Hair cells near the oval window = respond to high frequency sounds preferentially - Hair cells near helicotrema = respond to low frequency sounds preferentially
48
What ganglion is associated with the peripheral auditory pathway?
Spiral ganglion
49
What type of neurons are located within the spiral ganglion?
Bipolar neurons
50
What nerve branches innervate the cochlear hair cells?
The peripheral branches of the bipolar neurons in the spiral ganglion
51
What nerve branches provide afferent innervation to the internal auditory canal?
The central branches of the bipolar neurons in the spiral ganglion
52
What do the cochlear nerve fibers terminate as in the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction?
Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
53
Which of the cochlear nuclei is larger?
Ventral cochlear nuclei
54
What do cochlear nerve fibers in the ventral cochlear nuclei project to?
Ipsilateral and contralateral superior olivary nuclei in the pons
55
What is the trapezoid body?
Midline crossing of the axons from the the ventral cochlear nucleus to the ipsilateral and contralateral superior olivary nuclei
56
Where do the cochlear nerve fibers in the superior olivary nuclei project to?
Bilateral inferior colliculi via the nuclei of lateral lemniscus
57
Where do cochlear nerve fibers in the dorsal cochlear nuclei project to?
Across the floor of the 4th ventricle to enter contralateral lateral lemniscus and terminate in the inferior colliculi
58
Where does the inferior colliculus relay auditory information to?
Opposite inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, and superior colliculus
59
What are cochlear nerve projections to the superior colliculus related to?
"Auditory space" space processing, or figuring out location in space based upon sounds
60
Where does the medial geniculate relay auditory information to?
Auditory cortex, specifically Heschl's gyri (Broadman's area 41)
61
What is conduction deafness?
Impaired transmission of vibrations to basilar membrane
62
Can conduction deafness be cured/repaired?
Yes, using hearing aids
63
What is sensorineural deafness?
Hair cell damage due to infection or old age
64
Can sensorineural deafness be cured/repaired?
No
65
What is neural deafness?
Unilateral deafness usually caused by a tumor in the internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle
66
Can neural deafness be cured/repaired?
Neural deafness can sometimes be surgically corrected
67
What is central deafness?
Deafness caused by a central nervous system lesion

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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