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Brain Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Directionality in the brain

A

Constant:

  • Medial/Lateral
  • Superior/Inferior

Below midbrain:

  • Rostral = superior
  • Caudal = inferior
  • Ventral = anterior
  • Dorsal = posterior

Above midbrain:

  • Rostral = anterior
  • Caudal = posterior
  • Ventral = inferior
  • Dorsal = anterior
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2
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

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3
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side

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4
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons

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5
Q

Grey matter

A

Cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

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6
Q

Area of the spinal cord that is enlarged due to extra myelination

A

Cervical and lumbar (due to branches to UE and LE)

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7
Q

Parts of the brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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8
Q

Fissure

A

Sulcus

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9
Q

Ridges with sulci as boundaries

A

Gyri

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10
Q

Central sulcus

A

Horizontal fissure separating frontal lobe from parietal lobe as well as precentral gyrus from postcentral gyrus

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11
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • In posterior superior parietal lobe of left hemisphere

- Responsible for comprehension of speech

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12
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Person will be able to speak (form words and phrases) clearly but speech will be telegraphic (nonsensical) due to a lack of language comprehension

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13
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • In inferior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere

- Responsible for the formulation of motor components of speech

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14
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Difficulty naming objects or repeating words although comprehension remains

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15
Q

Somatotopic organization of the precentral gyrus

A
  • Lateral = head
  • Dorsal = UE
  • Medial = LE
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16
Q

Premotor cortex

A
  • Located rostral to motor cortex - Helps initiate and sequence movements
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17
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A
  • Rostral portion of frontal lobe -

- Responsible for processing of intellectual and emotional events

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18
Q

Insula

A
  • Seen only when temporal lobe is pulled away from rest of cortex
  • Convergence of temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices
  • Functions include: reception and integration of taste sensation, reception of viscerosensations, processing of pain sensations, and vestibular functions
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19
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A
  • Rostral border of parietal lobe
  • Primary receiving area for somesthetic (kinesthetic and tactile) information from the periphery (trunk and extremities)
  • Has somatotopic organization similar to precentral gyrus
  • Aka Broadman’s area 312
20
Q

Superior Parietal Lobe

A

Integrates sensory and motor functions and aids in programming complex motor functions associated with the premotor complex

21
Q

Superior temporal gyrus

A
  • Separated from parietal and frontal lobe by lateral (Sylvian) sulcus
  • Contains the gyri of Heschl which is the primary auditory receiving area
22
Q

Middle temporal gyrus

A

Associated with perception of moving objects in the visual field

23
Q

Inferior temporal gyrus

A

Associated with recognition of faces

24
Q

Calcarine sulcus

A

Divides the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe and contains the primary visual receiving area

25
Cingulate gyrus
- Located inferiorly to the precentral, poscentral, and premotor cortices - Part of the brain's limbic system - Associated with emotional behavior, regulation of visceral processes, and learning
26
Corpus callosum
- Massive fiber pathway that allows for communication between equivalent regions of the two hemispheres - Located inferiorly to the cingulate gyrus
27
Septum Pellucidum
- Lies ventral to the corpus callosum - Forms a small cavity called the cavum of septum pellucidum which forms the medial walls of the lateral ventricles - Attached at its ventral border to the fornix
28
Fornix
- Major fiber arising from the hippocampus - Passes around the thalamus to transmit information from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus and septal area - Ends in mammillary bodies
29
Diencephalon
Consists of the hypothalamus and thalamus
30
Thalamus
- Larger portion of the diencephalon | - Responsible for relaying and integrating information to different regions of the cerebral cortex
31
Hypothalamus
- Smaller structure in diencephalon - Lies ventral and anterior to the thalamus - Regulates visceral functions (temperature) and endocrine functions (feeding, drinking, emotion, and sexual behaviors) via secretion of hormones/ neurotransmitters from the anterior and posterior pituitary glands
32
Olfactory bulb
- Receives information from the olfactory cranial nerve (CN I) - Gives rise to the olfactory tract - Divides into the medial and lateral olfactory branches (striae): - Lateral striae conveys info to the temporal lobe and limbic structures - Medial striae conveys info to medial limbic structures and contralateral olfactory structures via the anterior commisure
33
Structures that have very low threshold for induction of seizure and are commonly the focus of seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy
Hippocampal formation & amygdala
34
Channels through which CSF exits the brain
Medial and lateral apertures
35
Choroid plexus
Specialized epithelial cells on the roofs of ventricles that secrete CSF
36
Order of ventricles from brain to spinal cord
1. Lateral ventricles 2. Interventricular foramen 3. 3rd ventricle (at diencephalon level) 4. Cerebral aqueduct 5. 4th ventricle 6. Lateral and median apertures
37
Basal ganglia
- Motor integration processes associated with cerebral cortex - Damage causes dyskinesias (disorders of movement at rest) - Composed of: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra
38
Interna capsule
- Located between the thalamus and putamen/globus pallidus | - Big fiber bundle that transmits info from the cerbral cortex to the forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord
39
Limbic structures
- Important in regulation of emotional behavior, short-term memory processes, control of autonomic and other visceral/hormonal functions associated with the hypothalamus - Includes amygdala (end of caudate nucleus) and hippocampus (origin of fornix and mammillary bodies)
40
Cerebellum
- Important in integration, regulation, and coordination of motor proceses - Damage causes loss of balance, coordinated movements, hypotonia, and errors in movement when producing a specific response - Attached to brainstem via cerebellar peduncles (pons = middle cerebellar peduncles, medulla = inferior cerbellar peduncles)
41
Superior colliculus
Visual functions
42
Inferior colliculus
Auditory functions
43
Name of cerebellar lobes
- Anterior = spinal cord input - Flocculondular = vestibular input - Posterior = cortical input - Vermis = midline region
44
Crus cerebri
- Large fiber bundle passing from cerebral hemispheres to lower brainstem and spinal cord at level of midbrain. - Part of descending motor pathway communicating signals from cortex to brainstem to spinal cord
45
Pyramid
Protuberance best seen in medulla that originated in cerebral cortex and carries fiber bundles from internal capsule and cerebral peduncles of midbrain to spinal cord

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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