Any disease related to the maldevelopment of neural crest cells including: - Medullary carcinoma of thyroid - Schwannoma - Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1; Recklinghausen disease)

Nervous System Development Flashcards by Gabriela Maura

Induces ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form neural plate

Notochord

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Folds to give rise to the neural tube

Neural plate

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Describe the ends of the neural tube

Anterior neuropore

- Posterior neuropore

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Failure of anterior neuropore closing causes:

Upper neural tube defects (NTDs) such as anencephaly

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Failure of posterior neuropore closing causes:

Lower NTDs such as spina bifida with myeloschisis

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Rostral part of neural tube becomes:

The brain

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Caudal part of neural tube becomes:

The spinal cord

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Lumen of neural tube becomes:

Ventricles in brain and central canal in spinal cord

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Part of ectoderm that becomes neural crest cells

Neuroectoderm

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Cranial region neural crest cells become:

Pharyngeal arch muscles & connective tissue
Skull bones
Pia & arachnoid mater
Sensory ganglia (V, VII, IX, & X)
Parasympathetic ganglia including: ciliary (III), pterygopalatine (VII), submandibular (VII), & otic (IX)

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Trunk region neural crest cells become:

Melanocytes
Schwann cells
Dorsal root ganglia
Sympathetic ganglia including: chain ganglia & prevertebral ganglia
Parasympathetic ganglia including: enteric & abdominal/pelvic cavity ganglia

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Neurocristopathy

Any disease related to the maldevelopment of neural crest cells including:

Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Schwannoma
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1; Recklinghausen disease)

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Name the primary brain vesicles (3) and associated flexures (2)

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
Cephalic flexure
Cervical flexure

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Prosencephalon

Aka Forebrain –> telencephalon & diencephalon

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Mesencephalon

Aka Midbrain –> midbrain

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Rhombencephalon

Aka Hindbrain –> metencephalon and myelencephalon

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Name the secondary brain vesicles (5)

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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Telencephalon

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala

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Diencephalon

Thalamus, hypothalamus, choroid plexus, pineal bodies

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Mesencephalon

Tegmentum, tectum, peduncular region

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Metencephalon

Pons, cerebellum

Myencephalon

Medulla (brainstem)

Cephalic flexure

Aka midbrain flexure, located between prosencephalon and rhombencephalon

Cervical flexure

Located between rhombencephalon and future spinal cord

Alar plate becomes:

Dorsal horn of spinal cord (sensory)

Basal plate becomes:

Ventral horn of spinal cord (motor)

Separates alar and basal plates

Sulcus limitans

Gives rise to sacral and coccygeal segments of the spinal cord

Caudal eminence

Myelination of axons in CNS accomplished by:

Oligodendrocytes

Myelination of axons in PNS accomplished by:

Schwann cells

Level of conus medullaris at birth

Level of conus medullaris as adult

L1-L2 interspace

Cauda equina

Dorsal and ventral roots extending below the level of the conus medullaris

Filum terminale

Nonneuronal filament of pia and dura mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

Pattern of cerebral cortex development

Inside-out because newer cells deposited on outside while old cells stay on inside

Position of white and grey matter in brain

- Grey matter = superficial | - White matter = deep

Position of white and grey matter in spinal cord

- Grey matter = deep | - White matter = superficial

Anterior pituitary aka:

Adenohypophysis

Development of adenohypophysis

Stromodeum (primitive mouth cavity) --> Ectodermal diverticulum (Rathke's pouch) --> adenohypophysis

Posterior pituitary aka:

Neurohypophysis

Development of neurohypophysis

Hypothalamus --> Neuroectodermal diverticulum (infundibulum) --> neurohypophysis

Main cause of neural tube defects (NTDs)

Spina bifida (due to lack of folic acid during pregnancy)

Spina bifida occulta

- Least severe - Easy to spot bc of bump and hair on lumbosacral region - Vertebral canal does not close completely so leaves spinal cord partially exposed

Spina bifida with meningocele

Meninges and CSF protruding through defect in vertebral canal

Spina bifida with meningomyelocele

Meninges, spinal cord, and CSF protruding through defect in vertebral canal

Spina bifida with rachischisis

- Most severe form - Open neural tube that lies on surface of back - Caused by failure of posterior neuropore closing - Neural tube becomes necrotic and doesn't form at all

Cranium bifida with meningocele

Meninges protrude through skull defect and form sac filled with CSF

Cranium bifida with meningoencephalocele

Meninges and brain protrude through the skull defect and form a sac filled with CSF

Cranium bifida with meningohydroencephalocele

Meninges, brain, and portion of ventricle protrude through skull defect

Anencephaly

- Severe upper NTD caused by failure of anterior neuropore closing - Most common cause of still births because brain does not develop so incompatible with extrauterine life

Arnoid-Chiari malformation

- Herniation of posterior cranial structures through foramen magnum - Causes medulla oblongata compression and stretching of CN IX, X, & XII - Symptoms include: spastic dysphonia, difficulty swallowing, laryngeal stridor, diminished gag reflex, apnea, and vocal cord paralysis

Microcephaly

Cranial vault smaller than usual due to lack of brain development leading to mental retardation and seizures