Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuroscience 10 > Auditory and Visual Systems > Flashcards

Auditory and Visual Systems Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Amplitude

A

Intensity, measured in decibels (dB)
and perceived as loudness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Frequency

A

Measured in number of cycles per
second, or hertz (Hz), and perceived as pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the external ear composed of?

A

1) Pinna
2) Ear canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Ear drum, seals ear canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the middle ear composed of ?

A

1) Tympanic membrane
2) Ossicles
3) Oval window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ossicles

A

The malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the ossicles connected to?

A

The tympanic membrane on one side and the oval window on the other side.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do the tensor tympani and stapedius do ?

A

They control volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oval window

A

Connects ossicles to inner ear
& focuses vibrations from sound waves
into the inner ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does sound travel through our ears?

A

1) Funneled into the ear canal by the pinna and reaches the ear drum
2) Ossicles work to concentrate and amplify the sound
3) Focuses the sound on the oval window which is the entrance to the inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Inner Ear

A

The cochlea converts vibrational energy into neural activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does sensory transduction occur?

A

Organ of Corti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The Organ of Corti

A

Part of the cochlea that converts sound into neural activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the Organ of Corti composed of ?

A

Tectorial membrane, hair cells, basilar membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Basal end: Membrane is narrow and stiff
Apex: Membrane is wide and flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tonotopically organized

A

Neurons or other cells within a neural structure are arranged spatially according to their sensitivity to different sound frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Review steps

A
  1. Sounds are vibrations carried
    through the air
  2. Sounds pass through the external
    ear and vibrate the tympanic
    membrane at a similar frequency
  3. Tympanic membrane activates the
    lever-action of the ossicles which in
    turn vibrate the oval window.
  4. The oval window vibrates causing
    pressure changes in the fluid filled
    canals of the cochlea.
  5. Pressure changes in fluid will kick-
    start sensory transduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What protrudes from each hair cell?

A

Stereocilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hair Cell depolarization process

A
  1. Deflection of stereocilia puts tension
    on tip links
  2. Potassium ion channels are
    mechanically forced open
  3. Potassium influxes (depolarization)
  4. Influx of calcium ions
  5. Glutamate release via exocytosis onto
    auditory nerve cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Auditory signals run from _____ to _______

A

Cochlea to Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Contains auditory fibers from the cochlea, contacts the bases of the hair cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Transduction steps

A

1) Hair cells from the organ of corti making contact with vestibular cochlear nerve
2) Auditory nerve fibers terminate in the cochlear nuclei located in the medulla
3) The cochlear nuclei send information to the superior olivary nuclei in the pons (where decussation and binaural hearing take place)
4) Information passed to the inferior colliculi (Primary auditory centers)
5) Outputs go to the medial geniculate nuclei of the thalamus
6) Pathways from the MGN of the thalamus terminate in the primary auditory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why does the superior olive have a medial and lateral component ?

A

Intensity and latency differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Duplex theory

A

Sound localization requires processing of both intensity and latency differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Sensorineural deafness
Hair cells fail to respond to the movement of the basilar membrane, no action potentials fired.
26
Conduction deafness
Disorders of the outer or middle ear prevent sounds from reaching the cochlea
27
Central deafness
Damage to auditory brain areas, such as by stroke, tumors, or traumatic brain injury
28
Wavelength
Distance between two adjacent crests of vibratory activity
29
High frequency wave
Short distance between peaks
30
Low frequency wave
Long distance between peaks
31
The eye needs to convert __________ into ____________ that the brain can interpret
Light energy (photons), electrical signals
32
Iris
Colored portion of the eye
33
Sclera
Outermost tissue layer, tough
34
Cornea
Transparent tissue at the anterior part of the eye
35
Anterior chamber
Behind the cornea, in front of the lens- contains fluid
36
Posterior chamber
Behind lens, contains fluid
37
Aqueous humor
A fluid that light passes through and is nutrient rich
38
Vitreous humor
A thick, gel-like substance that fills the back of the eye and supports shape
39
What does vitreous humor contain
Phagocytic cells
40
Lens
Specialized transparent tissue (almost like glass) that refracts the passage of light - which allows for visual acuity/ sharpened image
41
What do the ciliary muscles do?
Changes the shape of the lens and supports viewing far and near objects
42
Distant objects
Ciliary muscles are relaxed, lens gets flatter
43
Near objects
Ciliary muscles are contracted, lens gets rounder
44
Retina
In the back, contains photoreceptors
45
Fovea
In the back, responsible for high visual acuity due to packed amount of cones
46
Pigmented epithelium
Melanin-containing thin layer at the back of the eye that prevents light scattering and contains photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells.
47
Rods
Photoreceptors responsible for vision in low light, helps us see in the dark
48
Cones
Color
49
Seeing in low light
scotopic system
50
Seeing in color
photopic system
51
What cells do not send action potentials?
Photoreceptors, bipolar, & horizontal cells
52
Graded
cells can release varying amounts of NTs in response to different levels of local potentials E.g., More light -> more rhodopsin activation in rods -> less NT release
53
What does fire action potentials
Ganglion cells
54
What do ganglion cell axons form
The optic nerve which exits the eye through the optic disk
55
Optic disk
Does not contain photoreceptors, resulting in a blindspot
56
Primary visual pathway
Retinal information terminates in primary visual cortex and striate cortex within the occipital lobe. Most dominant pathway, most of our perceived vision flows through this pathway.
57
Nasal retina vs temporal retina
Side closest to nose, vs side closest to ears
58
The optic chiasm
Where visual information crosses
59
Temporal retina information stays
Ipsilateral
60
Nasal retina information goes
Contralateral
61
Optic nerve vs optic tract
One eye, vs both eyes
62
LGN of the thalamus
major site for termination of optic tract projections
63
Blindsight
Patients with damage in the primary visual cortex of the brain can tell where an object is although they claim they cannot see it
64
Apperceptive Agnosia
inability to copy & intact object recognition. Impairment of visual integration of object features
65
Associative agnosia
Ability to copy & impaired object recognition. Impairment of connection sensory representation to knowledge of object’s meaning
66
Akinetopsia
“Motion Blindness” - damage to motion areas (V5) result in “static-y” movement/stop-motion

Neuroscience 10 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions