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Studies of Religion > Australia: Contemporary Aboriginal Spiritualities ✅ > Flashcards

Australia: Contemporary Aboriginal Spiritualities ✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

What role does Aboriginal Kinship preform in day to day life?

A

They determine issues from who they are permitted to talk to and marry, to determine an individual’s responsibilities within a clan.
They also assign the responsibility to transmit the knowledge of The Dreaming from elders to the younger generation.

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2
Q

In Aboriginal ceremonial life, explain the importance of information and how it is transmitted? Give examples.

A

Aboriginal Spirituality is a oral religion meaning information is passed down generations socially from the older to younger generations.
These people will become the elders of the future and the custodians of social history.
Examples - Men’s law, Women’s business

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3
Q

Outline the Native Title Act

A

1993

In 1993, the Keating Labour Government passed the Native Title Act. This legislation aimed to codify the MABO decision and implement strategies to facilitate the process of granting Native Title.

Native Title could be claimed under two circumstances:

  • Land can only be claimed from vacant Crown Land
  • Needed to prove a continued connection with the land prior to 1788

Roughly 15% of Australian land has been identified as indigenous land.

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4
Q

How does the Western view of land differ from that of the Aboriginals?

A

Western society views land as a commodity that can be bought or sold while Aboriginals have an inherent belonging to the land embedded in their spirituality.

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5
Q

Why is the Dreaming important to Aboriginals?

A

It sets the basis for beliefs and practices

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6
Q

Definition: Metatemporal

A

Past, present and future.

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7
Q

What is the Aboriginal Dreaming?

A

Refers to the Aboriginal spiritual beliefs about creation and existence.

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8
Q

Definition: Land Rights

A

Claims by the Aboriginal and Torres Straight islander peoples of repossession and compensation for the use of their land.

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9
Q

In Aboriginal ceremonial life, what is the importance of Spirituality? Give examples.

A

They connect people within the tribe to The Dreaming

Examples - Celebration Ceremony (Telling the Dreamtime story)

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10
Q

Definition: Assimilation

A

A 19th century idea that people should be absorbed into the majority culture.

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11
Q

Definition: A 19th century idea that people should be absorbed into the majority culture.

A

Assimilation

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12
Q

Outline the effects of separation from kinship groups.

A

When the kinship system is destroyed, its members suffer from psychological distress, such as withdrawal and depression.

Separation from kinship groups and in turn the land, results in the loss of language, which effectively means the ability to pas on beliefs (i.e Dreaming stories, traditional practices/rituals, laws) in an authentic way is destroyed.

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13
Q

What forms can Ancestor beings be found in?

A

Animals, plants, humans or part- humans.

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14
Q

Definition: Mixing of races

A

Miscegenation

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15
Q

Definition: A form of integration that recognises many Aboriginal people wish to keep a distinct identity.

A

Integration

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16
Q

What to Aboriginal ceremonies always reaffirm?

A

The Dreaming

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17
Q

Why do Aboriginal people feel an obligation towards the land?

A

They regard the land as their mother. Since they regard the land as their mother, the identity of an Aboriginal person is inextricably connected to the land.

The land is the medium in which The Dreaming is lived and communicated.

The land provides the foundation for Aboriginal beliefs, traditions, rituals and laws.

The land is the dwelling place for the Ancestor Beings

Sacred sites on the land are connected with particular events of The Dreaming.

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18
Q

How is The Dreaming connected to the land?

A

It is the physical medium in which The Dreaming is communicated (i.e rituals, sacred sites) and the Ancestor spirits dwell in the land.

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19
Q

What/when was the Sorry Speech?

A

February 13th 2008 (think one day before valentines day)

The day Australia (Kevin Rudd) formally recognised and addressed the injustices of the past.

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20
Q

In Aboriginal ceremonial life, what is the importance of Rite of Passage? Give examples.

A

They inform the new status of the individual within the tribe.
Examples - initiation, funerals, walkabout

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21
Q

Definition: Self-determination

A

The achievement of full and effective participation of indigenous people in Australian society.

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22
Q

How many children were removed in the ‘Stolen Generations?’

A

An estimated 100 000

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23
Q

Outline the Australian policies and roughly when they occurred.

A 
Paternalism/non-recognition - 1788
Protection - 1860s
Assimilation 1930s
Integration - 1960s
Self-determination - 1970s
Reconciliation - 1990s
24
Q

Why is the land important to Aboriginal spirituality?

A

Because it is inextricably connected to The Dreaming and The Dreaming forms the basis of Aboriginal spiritual beliefs about creation and existance.

25
Q

How does art communicate The Dreaming?

A

It does not offer a straight forward interpretation of The Dreaming, rather has multiple levels of meaning.
They offer narrative representation of the activities of the ancestor spirits upon the land.

26
Q

Definition: Leasehold land

A

Also known as pastoral land. Refers to the land owned by the government (Crown Land) which has been leased to farmers or mining companies.

27
Q

Definition: Claims by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander peoples of repossession and compensation for the use of their land.

A

Land Rights

28
Q

Definition: The name given by the High Court of Australia to indigenous property rights recognised by the court as handed down in the Mabo decision (1992)

A

Native Title

29
Q

Definition: The achievement of full and effective participation of indigionus peoples in Australian society.

A

Self-determination

30
Q

Why are stories important in Aboriginal Spirituality?

A

The Dreaming is primarily expressed through stories. They describe how the Ancestor Beings created the land; lakes, mountains ect.
They provide the basis of Aboriginal traditions and law.

31
Q

Definition: Integration

A

A form of integration that recognises many Aboriginal people with to keep a distinct identity.

32
Q

Definition: Past, present and future.

A

Metatemporal

33
Q

In Aboriginal ceremonial life, what is the importance of Inter-tribal or totemic group/trade meetings?

A

They pass information, goods, traditions and support personal friendships.

34
Q

What is the importance of art in Aboriginal spirituality?

A

It is an important way of communicating The Dreaming as it illustrates the actions of the Ancestral spirit beings in the land.

35
Q

Definition: Miscegenation

A

Mixing of races.

36
Q

What is Aboriginal Kinship?

A

A complex system of belonging and responsibilities within a clan. It is not only based on family relations, but relations springing from one’s totem.

37
Q

What are totems in Aboriginal Spirituality?

A

The embodiment of each individual in his or her primordial state, In other words, totems represent that person as they existed in The Dreaming.
They also carry with them ceremonial responsibility called balance rites.

38
Q

Definition: Immemorial

A

Longer than anyone can remember.

39
Q

What are three areas The Dreaming is connected to in Aboriginal life?

A

Ceremonial life, ritualistic obligations, and the kinship system.

40
Q

Describe/explain the Smoking Ceremony and its importance

A

A ceremony in where smoke is used to cleanse and heal,, Smoking rituals can be used symbolically at public events, but other traditional uses include the use of smoking ceremonies during pregnancies.

41
Q

How are Aboriginals connected to the land through their stories? Why is this connection siginificant?

A

Aboriginal people believe that they are descendants of the ancestral beings and have a very special relationship to the country-side related to their ancestor.
This connection is so strong that they believe if they are separated from the land they die a spiritual death.

42
Q

What were the impacts of the Stolen Generations?

A

This had a negative impact on Aboriginal spirituality as children were unable to maintain their cultural identity i.e The Dreaming, kinship, totems, ceremonial rituals. Their personal link was severed.

They were separated from the land which has an inextricable connection to their identity.

They were expected to master all types of social skills that White Australian had developed over generations, but were given no opportunity to learn these skills.

43
Q

Outline the Mabo Case

A

Begun in 1982 and was ruled on 1992

Eddie K. Mabo led a court case challenging the QLD government’s rights to deny the Meriam Islanders use of their lands.

Claimed that his people had lived on Murray Island ‘time immemorial’

The High court recognised that the Island had in fact been occupied prior to 1788 and ruled that under certain circumstances, a form of title known as Native Title existed under Australian law.

44
Q

What are the Stolen Generations?

A

Refers to the mass removal of Australian Aboriginal children from their families by government agencies and church missions between 1880 and 1972.

Particularly focused on half-cast children.

It was originally stated that it was for the children’s own welfare, however now it is understood that it was initiated with the intention of breeding the Aboriginal out of them.

45
Q

What four important roles does ceremonial life play in Aboriginal society?

A
  • Rite of Passage
  • Information
  • Inter-tribal or totemic group/trade meetings
  • Spiritual
46
Q

Definition: Also known as pastoral land. Refers to the land owned by the government (Crown Land) which has been leased to farmers or mining companies.

A

Leasehold land

47
Q

Definition: Key persons and keepers of various knowledge within Aboriginal communities.

A

Elders

48
Q

Definition: Longer than anyone could remember

A

Immemorial

49
Q

Outline the effects of separation from kinship groups.

A

The land is their culture and identity. The separation from the land as a result of dispossession is tantamount to a loss of identity, since The Dreaming is inextricable connected to the land.
They lost their ability to fulfil ritual responsibilities connected to the land.
This left Aboriginal people feeling, displaced, homeless and cut off from their spirituality.

50
Q

What were three prominent land rights movements?

A

Mabo - 1992
Native Title - 1993
Wik Decision - 1996

51
Q

What are balance rites in Aboriginal Spirituality?

A

Balance rites are inextricably connected to Aboriginal totems. They aim to assist the proliferation of a particular species.
E.g. if a Tribes totem was part echidna, they would hold a ritual responsibility towards echidnas.

52
Q

What is the importance of ceremonies and rituals in Aboriginal life?

A

They are directly derived from aspects of The Dreaming, meaning they are understood as relieving in the present, activities of the Ancestor Spirits. (Meta-temporal concept.)

53
Q

Definition: Kinship

A

The system of relationships traditionally accepted by a particular culture and the rights and obligations they invoke.

54
Q

Describe/explain the Death and Burial rituals and their importance

A

The possessions are destroyed and the names of the dead can not be spoken. The dead must be buried in their own country and their spirits sung properly to rest.

55
Q

Outline the Wik Decision

A

1996

In 1996, the High Court riled in favour of the Wik people in North Queensland. They ruled that native title and leasehold land can co-exist simultaneously. This is important because roughly 40% of the Australian crown land is lease hold

In Areas of dispute between leasehold and native title, lease hold overrides

PM John Howard responded with his ‘10-point-plan’ which favoured pastoralists and was seen by many as an act of racism.

56
Q

Definition: Elders

A

Key persons and keepers of various knowledge within Aboriginal communities.

57
Q

Definition: The system of relationships traditionally accepted by a particular culture and the rights and obligations they involve.

A

Kinship

Studies of Religion (11 decks)

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