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Studies of Religion > Islam: Bioethics ✅ > Flashcards

Islam: Bioethics ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

Quote - Necessity

A

“Necessity makes permissible what is forbidden” (21:173)

“Actions will be judged according to intentions” (Sahih al-Bukari)

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2
Q

Definition: The public interest

A

Maslaha

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3
Q

What four sources determine Shari’a law?

A
  • Qur’an
  • Sunna of the Prophet
  • Qiyas
  • Ijma
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4
Q

Definition: Alim

A

Comparative analogy

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5
Q

Definition: Imam

A

Religious leader in Muslim culture (pastor equivalant)

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6
Q

Definition: The four schools of Islamic Jurisprudence in Sunni Islam

A

Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’i, Hanbali

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7
Q

Definition: Maslah

A

Public Interest

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8
Q

Definition: Ulama

A

Islamic layers: the guardians, transmitters and interpreters of religious knowledge in Islam, including Islamic doctrine and law.

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9
Q

Definition: A non-binding decision on Shari’a which is usually authoritative without being law.

A

Fatwa

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10
Q

Definition: Public Interest

A

Maslah

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11
Q

Definition: Arabic word meaning “borders, boundaries, limits”. In the religion of Islam it refers to punishments that under Islamic law (shariah) are mandated and fixed by God.

A

Hudud

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12
Q

Definition: Sunna

A

Thousands of hadith reports collated into a single body of writing.

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13
Q

Quote - Embryonic stem cell research

A

“For every ailment, there is a cure” (Sunna, Hadith)

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14
Q

Definition: Actions performed with the intention of pleasing God.

A

Ibadah

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15
Q

Definition: Islamic layers: the guardians, transmitters and interpreters of religious knowledge in Islam, including Islamic doctrine and law.

A

Ulama

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16
Q

Quote - The sanctity of human life

A

“Whoever kills a soul… it is as though he killed all men; and whoever saves a life, it would be as if he saved all mankind” (Surah 5:32)

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17
Q

What is a Hadith that pertains to euthanasia?

A

“whoever commits suicide with something, will be punished” (Bukhari Hadith)

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18
Q

Definition: Fatwa

A

A non-binding decision on Shari’a which is usually authoritative without being law.

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19
Q

Definition: Ibadah

A

Actions performed with the intention of pleasing God.

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20
Q

Definition: Senior Islamic Scholar: most qualified jurisprudents of each generation

A

Ayatollah

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21
Q

Definition: The science of law. The Islamic form of governance,

A

Jurisprudence

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22
Q

Definition: The school of Islamic Jurisprudence in Shi’i Islam

A

Jafari

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23
Q

Definition: Islamic theologian and lawyer

A

Mullah

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24
Q

Definition: Zulm

A

A term that is used to describe doing wrong against Allah, someone else or yourself.

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25
Q

Definition: Decision made by human understanding of the law

A

Fiqh

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26
Q

What are the five pillars of Islam?

A

Shahadah - Allah is God and Muhammad is his prophet
Salat - Five daily prayers
Zakat - Charity to the poor (2.5% of annual income)
Sawm - Fasting during the month of Ramadan
Hajj - Annual pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim must complete once in their lives.

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27
Q

Definition: Ayat al-ahkam

A

Legal verses in the Qur’an

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28
Q

Definition: Fitrah

A

Natural instinct

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29
Q

Definition: Divinely guided leader who is to come in the future to establish God’s rule on earth and a socially just society, restore the community to its rightful place and usher in a perfect Islamic society.

A

Mahdi

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30
Q

Explanation of Muslim stance on genetic engineering

A

One of Islam’s underlying ethics is the sanctity of human life. This means that humans can be saved by nearly any means necessary

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31
Q

Why are Muslims opposed to euthanasia?

A

They are agenst euthanasia because they belive that all human life is sacred and is given by Allah, and that He choses the time and place you will die. They believe that interfering with this is going against the will of Allah.

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32
Q

Definition: Fiqh

A

Decision made by human understanding of the law

33
Q

Explanation on Muslim stance on embryonic stem cell research

A

While it is not ideal, the ethical teaching of necessity (greater good) is invoked

34
Q

Definition: Qiyas

A

Creasoning of Islamic scholars using comparative analogy (alim)

35
Q

Elaborate on the ethical principal of ‘Necessity’

A

In difficult ethical decisions, the lesser of the two evils will be chosen. Therefore, necessity can override traditional rulings

For instance, where no other alternatives are available, Muslims may use medications containing alcohol or pig by-products which would be haram in other circumstances.

36
Q

Definition: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’i, Hanbali

A

The four schools of Islamic Jurisprudence in Sunni Islam

37
Q

Outline the process of Islamic Jurisprudence

A
  1. An issue of debate surfaces
  2. Muslims then look to the Qur’an and Sunna to see if there is a direct reference to the issue.
  3. If there is no referece, qiyas using comparative analogy is used.
  4. The court comes to an Ijma, or consensus
  5. A fiqh (decision) is ruled
  6. If the decision is unclear a fatwa is ruled which is usually non-binding and more suggestive. If not, than the fiqh becomes part of Shari’a.
38
Q

What are the two sources that all ethical teachings in Islam are drawn from?

A

Tawhid or the oneness of God and the umma, or the interests of the wider community.

39
Q

Definition: One entitled to give an independent judgement on a point of theology or law in Iran, the title of Ayatullah has been applied to mujtahids in recent times.

A

Mujtahid

40
Q

Definition: The wider Islamic community

A

Umma

41
Q

What concept does Islam revolve around?

A

Islam revolves around submission to Allah

42
Q

Muslim stance on genetic engineering

A

Generally forbidden as God’s nature is not to be tampered with. However, it is allowed in cases of creating medicine for people such as gene therapy or other genetically engineered treatments. Apart from combating illness, it is not allowed

43
Q

What is embryonic stem cell research?

A

Due to the limitations of IVF, more embryos are produced than required, and when they are not implanted, they are frozen indefinitliey.
These cells could be used to create regenatitve cells to treat various desieases such as diabetes and Parkinson.

44
Q

Definition: Umma

A

The wider Islamic community

45
Q

Definition: Jafari

A

The school of Islamic Jurisprudence in Shi’i Islam

46
Q

Definition: Maslaha

A

The public interest

47
Q

What is a Qur’anic verse pertaining to genetic engineering?

A

“and assuredly I will incite them and they will effect a change in the creation of Allah.’ And he who takes Satan as a friend besides Allah has certainly suffered a manifest loss.” (Surah 4:120)

48
Q

Definition: Thousands of hadith reports collated into a single body of writing.

A

Sunna

49
Q

Definition: Urf

A

Local customary precedents

50
Q

Definition: Creasoning of Islamic scholars using comparative analogy (alim)

A

Qiyas

51
Q

Outline the differences between Sunni and Shi’i Jurisprudence system.

A

Sunni’s decision making is more democratic while Shi’i is more authoritative. Sunni’s are more inclined to listen to everyone democratically as they believe that everyone has a direct connection to Allah while Shi’i tend to follow authority of the Ayatollah as they belive they are blessed by Allah, rejecting ijma.

52
Q

Definition: Comparative analogy

A

Alim

53
Q

Definition: Means ‘follow’, ‘imitate’ In Islamic legal terminology, it means to follow a mujtahid - a person who is an expert in Islamic jurisprudence.

A

Taqlid

54
Q

Elaborate on the ethical principal of ‘Allah’s will is of the utmost importance’

A

Muslims ground their ethical principles in the essential notion of ‘tawhid’. Because of the greatness of Allah, human beings are expected to obey him and fulfill his purposes in life. Allah’s decisions should be abided by as he’s the all-knowing God (tawhid)

It is only out of his wisdom and mercy that he provided humans with a legal system, including commands and prohibitions so that humanity knows what benefits or harms humans in this world and thereafter. Thus, every obligation from God is indeed guidance.

55
Q

Definition: Natural instinct

A

Fitrah

56
Q

Definition: Local customary precedents

A

Urf

57
Q

Quote - Allah’s will is of the utmost importance

A

“Serve Allah and join not partners with him;…” (Qur’an)

58
Q

Muslim stance on Embryonic Stem Cell research

A

Agree with the use of Embryonic stem cell research as it may be a preventative measure against diseases

59
Q

Definition: Ayatollah

A

Senior Islamic Scholar: most qualified jurisprudents of each generation

60
Q

Definition: Actions that are forbidden in Shari’a law

A

Haram

61
Q

Definition: Jurisprudence

A

The science of law. The Islamic form of governance,

62
Q

Elaborate on the ethical principal of ‘the sanctity of human life’

A

According to Islam, life is the most important aim in the universe as it is belived to be a gift and blessing from Allah.

Life should be protected at all costs, even if it has poor quality.

Life must be appreciated and respected: killing an innocent person is considered murder, but represents an insult to human life as a whole

63
Q

What is a Qur’anic verse pertaining to euthanasia?

A

“I [Allah] give life and cause death.” (Surah 2:258)

64
Q

Quote - Fitrah

A

“And by the soul He who proportioned it and inspired it with discernment of wickedness and righteousness” (Qur’an)

65
Q

What are the five basic rights of Shari’a?

A

Life:
- Every person has a right to live in safety and earn their livelihood

Property:
- Owning and preserving one’s personal property is a fundamental right

Human mind:
- No one, including the self, society, and state, should create or remove the ability to think freely

Belief and Religion:
- There is no compulsion in religion and every person has a right to keep and pass their religion to future generations

Family and lineage:
- Humans have the right to raise a family

66
Q

Definition: A term that is used to describe doing wrong against Allah, someone else or yourself.

A

Zulm

67
Q

Definition: Hudud

A

Arabic word meaning “borders, boundaries, limits”. In the religion of Islam it refers to punishments that under Islamic law (shariah) are mandated and fixed by God.

68
Q

Definition: Mullah

A

Islamic theologian and lawyer

69
Q

Definition: Haram

A

Actions that are forbidden in Shari’a law

70
Q

Definition: Consensus reached by the qiyas

A

Ijma

71
Q

What are the three main ethical principals in Islam?

A
  • Allah’s will is of the utmost importance
  • Sanctity of human life
  • Necessity
72
Q

Definition: Ijma

A

Consensus reached by the qiyas

73
Q

Definition: Mahdi

A

Divinely guided leader who is to come in the future to establish God’s rule on earth and a socially just society, restore the community to its rightful place and usher in a perfect Islamic society.

74
Q

Muslim stance on euthanasia

A

Muslims are against euthanasia. The Quran forbids consenting to one’s own destruction

75
Q

Definition: Taqlid

A

Means ‘follow’, ‘imitate’ In Islamic legal terminology, it means to follow a mujtahid - a person who is an expert in Islamic jurisprudence.

76
Q

Definition: Mujtahid

A

One entitled to give an independent judgement on a point of theology or law in Iran, the title of Ayatullah has been applied to mujtahids in recent times.

77
Q

Definition: Legal verses in the Qur’an

A

Ayat al-ahkam

78
Q

Definition: Religious leader in Muslim culture (pastor equivalant)

A

Imam

Studies of Religion (11 decks)

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