Auto/endo System

Question 1

What type of nerves are associated with the alarm response and the feelings of excitement, emotion and exercise?

Answer 1

Sympathetic

Question 2

What type of nerves are associated with the relaxation response and repetiton, rest and relaxation?

Answer 2

Parasympathetic

Question 3

Describe the alarm response in terms of the heart rate:

Answer 3

Heart rate increases and contractile force increases

Question 4

Describe the alarm response in terms of the eyes:

Answer 4

Dilate pupils to see more stuff

Question 5

Describe the alarm response in terms of the lungs:

Answer 5

Dilate bronchi and breathe faster

Question 6

Describe the alarm response in terms of the skin:

Answer 6

Contract peripheral blood vessels, contract arector pilli muscles, increase sweat secretion.

Question 7

Describe the alarm response in terms of the blood sugar levels

Answer 7

Increased to get more glucose to the brain

Question 8

Describe the alarm response in terms of the BP and water retention in kidneys:

Answer 8

BP increases and more water is retained

Question 9

For the autonomic nervous system, what is the sensory input?

Answer 9

Interoreceptors

Question 10

For the autonomic nervous system, what is the control of output?

Answer 10

Involuntary from the limbic system, hypothalamus, brainstem and spinal chord

Question 11

For the autonomic nervous system, what are the effectors?

Answer 11

Smooth muscle and glands

Question 12

For the autonomic nervous system, what is the motor neuron pathway? I,e how many neurons are there?

Answer 12

2 neuron pathway

Question 13

For the autonomic nervous system, what are the neurotransmitters?

Answer 13

Acetylecholine
- preganglionic axons
- postganglionic parasympathetic
- postganglionic sympathetic to sweat glands
Norepinephrine
- postganglionic sympathetic fibres other than sweat glands

Question 14

For the sympathetic nervous system describe the innervation of an effector cell (not a sweat gland):

Answer 14

The myelinated preganglionic neuron synapses with the postganglionic neuron at the ganglion and releases acetyl choline. The non-myelinated post ganglionic neuron synapses at the effector cell and releases norepinephrine.

Question 15

For the sympathetic nervous system describe the innervation of a sweat gland:

Answer 15

The myelinated preganglionic neuron synapses with the postganglionic neuron at the ganglion and releases acetyl choline. The non-myelinated post ganglionic neuron synapses at the sweat gland cell and releases acetylcholine.

Question 16

For the parasympathetic nervous system describe the innervation of an effector cell:

Answer 16

The myelinated preganglionic neuron synapses with the postganglionic neuron at the ganglion and releases acetyl choline. The non-myelinated post ganglionic neuron synapses at the effector cell and releases acetylcholine

Question 17

Describe raynauds disease:

Answer 17

Excessive sympathetic stimulation following emotional stress or exposure to cold. Leads to chronic vasoconstriction - fingers and toes become ischemic (lack of blood) and turn white

Question 18

What are the 4 main functions of the hypothalamus:

Answer 18

1. Regulates behavioural patterns
2. Circadian rhythms and sleep/wake cycles
3. Body temp
4. Eating/drinking

Question 19

What is the HPA axis made up of?

Answer 19

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal gland

Question 20

What are the 2 types of hormones and describe them:

Answer 20

1. Endocrine hormones are released from a cell and travel through the bloodstream to affect distant target cells
2. Local hormones can either b paracrine or autocrine. Paracrine = affect cells close to it not necessarily going through the bloodstream. Autocrine = hormone is released by a cell that then acts back on that cell to affect its behaviour.

Question 21

Describe lipid-soluble hormones:

Answer 21

They are not aqueous so they need to be associated with a transport protein to move through the bloodstream. When they reach their target tissues they detach from their transport protein and diffuse through the lipid bilayer into the cell. They look for receptors in the cells nucleus to bind to. Activated receptor hormone complex alters gene expression and newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes. New protein alters cell activity.

Question 22

Describe water soluble hormones:

Answer 22

They don’t need a transport protein so they just go to the cell. They cannot diffuse through the cell membrane so they bind to a receptor on the outside of the cell to activate the G protein which activates the adenyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP which serves as a second messenger to activate protein kinases which phosphorylate other enzymes. The phosphorylated enzymes catalyse reactions that produce a physiological response.

Question 23

Describe the importance of inducibility using cholera as an example:

Answer 23

Cholera permanently locks the G protein in its activated state which leads to high cAMP and pumps chloride into the intestines so water flows out and leads to diarrhoea

Question 24

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

Answer 24

The infundibulum

Question 25

How many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete and what type of hormones are they?

Answer 25

9 hormones - releasing and inhibiting

Question 26

How many hormones does the pituitary secrete and what type of hormones are they?

Answer 26

7 hormones - controlling endocrine organs

Question 27

How do hormones get to the target tissues when they are released at the top of the pituitary?

Answer 27

They are released at the axon termini at the top of the pituitary and they travel through the portal vein to the secondary plexus (anterior pituitary) then into the bloodstream and to the target cells.

Question 28

Going from the outside in what are the names of the 3 layers of the adrenal glands?

Answer 28

1. Capsule 2. Cortex 3. Medulla

Question 29

What hormones does the medulla of the adrenal gland release?

Answer 29

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 30

What stimulates the medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine?

Answer 30

Acetylcholine from sympathetic preganglionic neurons (medulla contains modified postganglionic).

Question 31

What does the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the medulla do?

Answer 31

Enhances the sympathetic autonomic nervous system

Question 32

What types of hormones does the adrenal cortex release?

Answer 32

1. Mineralocorticoids e.g aldostrerone | 2. Glucocorticoids e.g cortisol

Question 33

What stimulates the adrenal cortex to release mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)?

Answer 33

Increased K+ and angiotesin II in the blood

Question 34

What stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (cortisol)?

Answer 34

ACTH from the pituitary which in turn is stimulated by cortisol releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.

Question 35

What is the main actions of minerlocorticoids (aldosertone) when released from the cortex of the adrenal gland?

Answer 35

Increase blood Na+ and water and decrease blood K+, leading to increased blood volume and pressure

Question 36

What is the main actions of glucocorticoids (cortisol) when released from the cortex of the adrenal gland?

Answer 36

Depress immune response, dampen inflammation, increase protein breakdown, increase gluconeogenesis lipolysis and vasoconstriction.

Question 37

Describe how cortisol can give negative feedback:

Answer 37

High levels of cortisol inhibits the release of ACTH by the anterior pituitary corticotrophs. It can also inhibit the release of CRH by the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells.

Question 38

Describe the alarm response:

Answer 38

1. Pounding heart 2. Cold sweat 3. Pale skin 4. Goose bumps

Question 39

Describe the resistance reaction:

Answer 39

1. Increase glucose, fatty acids, amino acids 2. Increase BP 3. Reduce inflammation/immunity

Question 40

How is the neuroendocrine system linked to the immune system?

Answer 40

Through autonomic nerves and hormones e.g cortisol

Question 41

How is the immune system linked to the neuroendocrine system?

Answer 41

Through cytokines (immune hormones)

Question 42

What is eustress (acute)?

Answer 42

The type of stress that prepares us to meet a certain challenge and is helpful and beneficial.

Question 43

What is distress (chronic)?

Answer 43

The type of stress that is associated with undesirable events and can be potentially hamrful

Question 44

Why do habitually hostile people have a greater chance of having a heart attack?

Answer 44

Long term sympathetic activation means that the heart has to work harder, capillaries constrict etc leads to a greater chance of a heart attack.

Question 45

What is stress cardiomyopathy syndrome?

Answer 45

Overactivation of the stress response