Autocrine and Endocrine System

Question 1

What makes up the CNS

Answer 1

Brain

Spinal Cord

Question 2

What makes up the PNS

Answer 2

Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Ganglia
Peripheral Nerves

Question 3

Sensory (afferent) nerves

Answer 3

Take information from the PNS to the CNS

Question 4

Motor (efferent) nerves

Answer 4

Take information from the CNS to the PNS

Question 5

Somatic motor neurons

Answer 5

Are voluntary

Control skeletal muscle

Question 6

Autonomic Motor neurons involuntary or voluntary? and what do they control?

Answer 6

are involuntary

control cardia muscle, smooth muscle and glands

Question 7

Nerve impulse transmissions travel

Answer 7

From the presynaptic neutron to the post synaptic neuron

Question 8

parts of a nerve synapse

Answer 8

Pre-synaptic neuron
Post-synaptic neuron
Synpatic cleft

Question 9

what do nerves do

Answer 9

coordinate our actions and bodily functions

Question 10

When does the Alarm response occur

Answer 10

when there is a threat

Question 11

When does the Relaxation response occur

Answer 11

during a rest period

Question 12

What is the sympathetic division associated with

Answer 12

Exercise
Emotion
Excitement

Question 13

What is the parasympathetic division associated with

Answer 13

Repletion
rest
relaxation

Question 14

Sensory input of the Autonomic system

Answer 14

Interoceptors

Question 15

Sensory input of the Somatic system

Answer 15

Special senses

Somatic Senses

Question 16

Control of Output in the Autonomic system and what does it control?

Answer 16

Involuntary:

Limbic system, Hypothalamus, Brain stem, Spinal cord

Question 17

Control of output in the Somatic system

Answer 17

Voluntary:

Cerebral cortex

Question 18

Effectors of the Autonomic system

Answer 18

Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, Glands

Question 19

Effectors of the Somatic system

Answer 19

Skeletal muscle

Question 20

What hormones does the Somatic Nervous System use ?

Answer 20

Acetylcholine

Question 21

What hormone does the Autonomic Nervous System use?

Answer 21

Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine

Question 22

Myelination of the Somatic Nervous System

Answer 22

myelinated

Question 23

Myelination of the Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 23

myelinated until the Autonomic Ganglion and then unmyelinated

Question 24

When is Norepinephrine vs AcH used in the Sympathetic Division

Answer 24

AcH is used to target the sweat gland

Norepinephrine is used everywhere else

Question 25

Somatic Motor Neuron pathway

Answer 25

One neutron pathway

Question 26

Autonomic Motor Neuron pathway

Answer 26

Pre and post ganglionic

Question 27

Raynaud Disease

Answer 27

Excessive sympathetic stimulation following emotional stress or cold exposure Chronic vasoconstriction

Question 28

What does the Hypothalamus control internal organs via

Answer 28

Autonomic Nervous System | Pituitary gland

Question 29

What does the Hypothalamus regulate?

Answer 29

Behaviour patterns Circadian rhythm Body temperature Eating and Drinking

Question 30

Endocrine Hormones

Answer 30

Hormones go through blood capillaries to target faraway cells

Question 31

Paracrine Hormones

Answer 31

target nearby cells

Question 32

Autocrine Hormones

Answer 32

target the same cell

Question 33

What does the HPA do?

Answer 33

regulate growth, development, metabolism and homeostasis

Question 34

Hypothalamus

Answer 34

has 9 hormones | releasing and inhibiting hormones to control the pituitary

Question 35

Pituitary

Answer 35

7 hormones | controlling endocrine organs

Question 36

What is the Adrenal Medulla stimulated by?

Answer 36

AcH from preganglionic neurons

Question 37

Hormones released by the Adrenal Medulla

Answer 37

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

Question 38

Principal actions of the Adrenal Medulla

Answer 38

Enhance sympathetic autonomic alarm response

Question 39

first stage of the Alarm response

Answer 39

Immediate burst Sympathetic autonomic activation Sustained through action of adrenal medulla

Question 40

What does the first stage of the stress response do?

Answer 40

Mobilise resources for immediate physical activity | •Glucose and oxygen •Alertness and activity •Ward off danger or flee

Question 41

Second stage of the stress response

Answer 41

Reduce tissue damage

Question 42

Hormones secreted by the Adrenal Cortex

Answer 42

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone) | Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)

Question 43

What is Mineralocorticoids stimulated by

Answer 43

Increased K+ and angiotensin 2 in blood

Question 44

principle actions of Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

Answer 44

Increase Na+ and water Decrease K+ in blood Increase blood volume and pressure

Question 45

what is Glucocorticoids (cortisol) stimulated by?

Answer 45

ACTH from pituitary | CRH from hypothalamus

Question 46

Principal actions of Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Answer 46

Resistance creation to stress Control(dampen) inflammation Alter immune responses

Question 47

Actions of Cortisol

Answer 47

Increase protein breakdown Gluconeogenesis in Liver Lipolysis in adipose tissue Altered blood vessel sensitivity to vasoconstriction Anti-inflammatory to limit tissue damage Alter immune response

Question 48

Consequence of Increased protein break down

Answer 48

Amino Acids available for new protein synthesis

Question 49

Gluconeogenesis in Liver Consequences

Answer 49

Glucose available for ATP production

Question 50

Consequences of lipolysis in the adipose tissue

Answer 50

triglyceride and fatty acid availability

Question 51

Altered blood vessel sensitivity to vasoconstriction

Answer 51

Blood pressure increase

Question 52

Consequences of Anti-inflammatory to limit tissue damage

Answer 52

Slower tissue repair and wound healing

Question 53

Consequence pf Altering the immune responsiveness

Answer 53

Increased susceptibility to some infections

Question 54

What is the Alarm Response activated by?

Answer 54

Adrenal Medulla

Question 55

What organs/glands is the resistance reaction associated with?

Answer 55

Hypothalamus, pituitary and Adrenal Cortex

Question 56

Symptoms of the Alarm Response

Answer 56

``` Pounding heart Cold Sweat Pale Skin Rapid Breathing Goose Flesh ```

Question 57

Resistance reaction symptoms

Answer 57

Increase glucose, fatty acids and amino acids Elevated blood pressure Reduced inflammation Altered immunity

Question 58

What are neuro-imune activities coordinated by?

Answer 58

Hormones (Cortisol), Autonomic Nerves | Cytokines (immune hormones)

Question 59

Eustress

Answer 59

Acute Prepares us to meet certain challenges Helpful Beneficial

Question 60

Distress

Answer 60

Chronic Associated with undesirable events Potentially harmful

Question 61

Who has a greater risk f a Cardiac Infract (heart attack)?

Answer 61

Habitually Hostile people creates a chronic sympathetic activation which means the heart works harder and capillaries constrict.