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Cardiovascular system Flashcards

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1
Q

how many pumps does the human heart contain

A

two pumps

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2
Q

daily output of the heart

A

7000 liters

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3
Q

What is the Pulmonary circuit?

A

the circuit which takes de-oxygentated blood to the Lungs

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4
Q

What is the Systemic Circuit?

A

Takes oxygenated blood to the other organs

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5
Q

What do arteries do?

A

bring blood away from the heart

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6
Q

what do veins do?

A

bring blood towards the heart

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7
Q

What is the distribution of blood volume?

A

9% in pulmonary circuit
7% in veins
84% in Systemic circuit

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8
Q

What is a Hepatic Portal Vein

A

A vein which doesn’t take blood directly back to the heart, but rather to another system

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9
Q

Example of a Hepatic Portal Vein

A

the vein which goes from the Gut to the Liver and then goes to the Heart

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10
Q

What is the pressure when the volume in the heart is high?

A

Pressure is low

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11
Q

What does the outlet valve ensure?

A

that the chamber draws blood from low pressure veins instead of high pressure one. When the ventricle is filling n outlet valve is essential to prevent material blood from returning to the pump.

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12
Q

The filling phase is a __ phase

A

passive

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13
Q

What happens during the Ejection phase?

A

blood goes from inside the pump to the outside. Blood goes to the area of lower pressure

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14
Q

Why is an Inlet valve necessary?

A

to prevent high pressure blood in the pumping chamber from returning to the veins

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15
Q

What is an Atrium

A

A reservoir upstream of the pump.

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16
Q

When does the Atrium collect blood?

A

During an ejection phase when the inlet valve is closed , the atrium accumulates venous blood.

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17
Q

why is having an Atrium beneficial?

A

so the blood can enter the ventricle quickly during the filing phase

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18
Q

what is the benefit of having an Auricle?

A

increases the capacity of an Atrium

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19
Q

What is the benefit of having the inlet and outlet pump lie close

A

Adds an extra wall for an extra wall, this increases the contraction

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20
Q

Right Atrial peak Presure

A

5mmHg

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21
Q

Right Venticular peak pressure

A

27mmHg

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22
Q

Left Atrial peak Pressure

A

8mmHg

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23
Q

Left Ventricle peak pressure

A

120mmHg

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24
Q

why is the right sides pressure much lower than the left sides

A

because blood passes through the high resistance circuit and loses initial pressure

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25
Where is the bicuspid valve located?
on the left side, it is also known as the Mitral valve, it has two flaps
26
Where is the Tricuspid valve located ?
on the right side, it has 3 flaps
27
What are inlet valves made up of?
fibrous connective tissue
28
what is the free edge of the inlet flaps tethered by?
tendinous cords which prevent it from rusting upwards into the atrium during systole
29
What forms the cone shape of the heart?
left ventricle, it is hollow with thick muscular walls
30
why must inlet valves be larger in diameter than the outlet valves?
so it can admit blood at a low pressure, the outlets have small holes but the blood leaves at a higher pressure
31
what are the outlet valves?
pulmonary (right) | aortic (left)
32
what are the inlet valves?
tricuspid (right) | mitral (left)
33
Ratio of peak pressure in the left:right ventricle
5:1 | 120 mmHg : 27 mmHg
34
Why is the peak pressure in Left ventricles higher than the right ventricle?
the wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the wall of the right ventricle
35
wall thickness ration of Left Ventricle:Right ventricle ?
3:1
36
What term is used to describe the outlet valves?
semilunar | there are three semilunar cusps
37
What do outlet valves lack that inlet valves have?
lack cords, their 3D shape gives them strength rather than the cords and allows them to close
38
Apex of the heart
points inferiorly, anteriorly and to the left
39
Right order
formed daily by the right atrium
40
Inferior border
formed mainly by the right ventricle
41
Leftborder
formed mainly by the left ventricle
42
Hypertrophy of heart muscle
muscle becomes much thicker as it has
43
visceral pericardium
lining the heart
44
Parietal Pericardium
outside the heart
45
Pericadial space
in between the visceral and parietal pericardium, it holds the serous fluid
46
Fibrous Pericardium
lines the parietal pericardium
47
what is the pericardium made up of?
a single layer of squamous mesothelial cells
48
Fibrous skeleton of the inlet and outlet valves
High pressure holes (M and A) have complete fibrous skeletons Low pressure holes (T and P) are incomplete and they have loose fibres
49
SA node
it is the pacemaker of the heart it can depolarise and depolarise happens about 60-90 times a minute
50
AV node
not as fast as the SA node, but still depolarises and depolarises by itself
51
the pathway for depolarisation in the heart
SA node causes contraction of atrial muscles AV node contracts and contracts the AV bundles Bundles send signal through the Purkinje fibres
52
why does the Atria have to contract before the ventricle
so the ventricle can fill up extra 20% of the blood
53
Elastic Artery
largest arteries which have elastic walls during systole they expand during diastole they recoil to push blood out into Arterial tree
54
what is the elastic artery made up of?
many thin sheets of elastin in the middle tunic
55
Muscle artery function
distribute blood around the body at high pressure. the rate of blood flow is adjust by using smooth muscle to vary radium of vessel flow is proportional to the fourth power of radius
56
Structure of Artery Function
many layers of circular smooth muscle wrapped around the vessel
57
Function of an Arteriole
control blood flow into capillary beds. they have a thicker muscular wall relative to their size than any other blood vessel when the greatest pressure drop occurs, these are in circulation
58
degree of constriction of arterioles throughout the body determines
total peripheral resistance which in turn affects the mean arterial blood pressure
59
structure of arterioles
1-3 layers of circular smooth muscle wrapped around the vessel in the middle tunic
60
Capillary
smallest vessels | thin walled to allow gas exchange, nutrients and wastes between blood and surrounding tissue fluid
61
Structure of a Capillary
single layer of endothelium with an external basement membrane
62
Venule function
low pressure vessels that drain capillary beds WBC leave through a venule flow within the Venule is slow to allow WBC to wiggle out
63
Structure of Venule
small venules have endothelium and connective tissue | larger ones have a single layer of smooth muscle
64
Vein function
thin walled, low pressure vessels which drain back to the atria a small change in venous blood pressure causes a large change in venous volume act as a place to store blood
65
Structure of a Vein
Thinner walled. | Larger veins have valves to prevent backflow
66
What do Coronary Arteries do?
Keep the heart alive by pumping oxygenated blood to the heart
67
Where do Coronary arteries arise from?
From the Aorta hust downstream from the aortic valve and supply the muscle of the heart (myocardium)
68
What is the blood from the Coronary Arteries like ?
High pressure and oxygenated
69
Cardiac Output
Heart rate x Stroke Volume | It is the volume of blood whetted into the aorta per minute
70
What is the cardiac Output at rest
4-7 liters a minute
71
What is the venous return
Volume of blood returning to the heart from the vasculature every minute and it is linked to the cardiac Output
72
Stroke Volume
Volume of blood rejected by the heart during one cardiac cycle
73
Frank Sterling law of the heart
Equalizes output of the Left and Right ventricles
74
Cardiac Reserve
Difference between minimum and maximum that your heart has in the bank that it can output when needed
75
Contractility
ability of nervous system to increase contractility
76
Inotrophy
Forecefillness of contractility
77
Preload
Stretch on the heart ventricle before it contracts
78
What happens to preload when stroke Volume increases
Increased preload
79
What does preload relate to
To the pressure resulting from the blood from returning to the heart.
80
What does preload do when it senses more pressure of blood returning to the heart
Responds by increasing forcefullness of next contraction so the stroke Volume is increased
81
Afterload
Pressure the heart has to work against to eject blood out of the left ventricle It is known as the Arterial pressure
82
The more blood that returns to the heart during diastole
The more blood is ejected during the next systole
83
How is stroke volume regulated
Intrinstic regulation which is governed by the degree of stretch of the myocardial fibres at the end of diastole Extrinsic regulation determined by the activity of the autonomic nervous system and circulating levels of various hormones
84
What happens as blood returns to the heart in diastole
It begins to fill the ventricle
85
What happens are the ventricle begins to fill with blood
The pressure rises and this stretches the myocardial fibres, placing them under a degree of tension (preload)
86
What does an increase in filling pressure lead to?
An increase in end diastolic volume and an increase in the subsequent stroke Volume

Medsci (3 decks)

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