Reproduction Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Environment of Vagina
A
acidic environment for destroying bacteria
2
Q
Length of Vagina
A
7.5-9.0 cm tube extending from the cervix to the exterior of the body
3
Q
Three main functions of the vagina
A
elimination of the menstrual fluids
receives the penis during sex
holds spermatozoa before they pass into the uterus
4
Q
Uterus functions
A
pathway for sperm transport
Mechanical protection
nutritional support
waste removal for developing embryo and feotus
5
Q
how does the foetus get ejected during birth
A
contractions in the muscular wall (myometrium) of the uterus
6
Q
What is the source of menstrual flow?
A
sloughing off of the myometrium
7
Q
what is the inner functional zone of the Uterus?
A
Stratum Functionalis which contains the most of the uterine glands
8
Q
What is the outer basilar zone
A
stratum basalts, it attaches the endometrium to the myometrium
9
Q
Mucous in the Uterus
A
Mucous plugs the cervix for most of the month except during ovulation to allow the entry of sperm
10
Q
Where does fertilisation usually occur?
A
in the Ampulla of the Uterine tubes
11
Q
What does the Uterine tube provide?
A
a rich, nutritive environment containing lipids and glycogen for spermatozoa, oocyte and the developing embryo
12
Q
types of cells in the uterine tube?
A
ciliated and non-ciliated secretory columnar secretory columnar cells
13
Q
How does movement occur in the uterine tubes
A
involves a combination of both ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions
14
Q
Three regions of the ovary
A
outer ovarian cortex, the central ovarian medulla and the inner hilum
15
Q
What does the outer ovarian cortex contain?
A
the ovarian follicles
16
Q
what does the central ovarian medulla consist of?
A
ovarian stroma dn steroid producing cells
17
Q
What does the inner hilum do?
A
acts a point of entry for nerves and blood vessels
18
Q
What results in an embryo?
A
when sperm move through the cervix and up to the ampulla, It much co-incide with the release of an oocyte. If it does, fertilization of an egg occurs in the Ampula
19
Q
What is the Corpus Luteum?
A
the empty follicle after discharge of an oocyte
20
Q
Ovarian Cortex
A
soft cell which contain all ovarian follicles
21
Q
Primordial follicle
A
the oocyte, once surrounded by a single layer flat follicular cells which develop into granulose cells
22
Q
what forms the primordial follicle?
A
the oocyte
23
Q
Primary follicle
A
as the follicles grow they are called primary follicles
24
Q
what do immature primary follicles consist of?
A
one layer of granulosa cells
25
when do some primary follicles get larger?
in repose to FSH, they get larger and producing many layers of granulose cells surrounding the oocyte
26
When does the Corpus Luteum persist?
if oocyte is fertilised and begins to divide
27
How is the Corpus Luteum rescued form degeneration
by human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).
| it is produced by the chorine of the embryo 8 days after fertilisation
28
what makes pregnancy tests work?
hCG in urine as it is in excess
29
what are the two phases of the female reproductive cycle?
follicular phase and luteal phase
30
When does the follicular phase occur?
day 1 to ovulation
31
when does the luteal phase occur?
ovulation to menstruation
32
what are the three phases in the endometrial cycle?
menstrual, proliferative and secretory
33
hormones when Corpus Luteum regresses
Oestrogen and Progestorone levels are low and FSH is high
34
what leads to increased follicular growth ?
FSH stimulation
35
When is the dominant follicle selected?
around day 6-7 with increased Oestroen
36
when does a temperoray switch from negative to positive feedback occur?
Oestrogen levels rise by day 12 and a threshold concentration of Oestadoil is exceeded. If this is maintained for 36 hours, there is a temporary switch
37
Oestrogen-mediated positive feedback
triggers rise in GnRH leading to an LH surge
38
What induced ovulation
LH surge
39
What hormones increases when the Corpus Luteum develops
increased Progestorne
40
What happens to hormones during the demise of the Corpus Luteum?
Elevated progesterone levels inhibit GnRH, lead to decreased FSH and LH
41
Where does Spermatogenesis occur?
seminerferous tubules of the testes
42
how much sperm is produced by males?
300 – 600 sperm/gram of testis tissue/second
43
three phases of spermatogenesis
1. mitotic division
2. meiotic division
3. Cytodifferentiation
44
how do spermatogonia divide?
mitosis
45
after the spermatogonia divides and forms the second daughter cell, what happens?
continues to divide by mitosis forming spermatogonia.
46
how do spermatogonia divide?
by mitosis
47
where does spermatogenesis occur?
in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules
48
how many chromosomes in the spermatogonia?
46 chromosomes
49
where do spermatogonia move after they undergo mitotic division
move between adjacent sertoli to the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules.
50
what are spermatogonia called in the adluminal compartment?
primary spermatocytes
51
each primary spermatocytes start with how many chromosomes?
46
52
what happens with primary spermatocytes?
undergo meiosis 1
53
what happens to primary spermatocytes after they undergo meiosis 1?
DNA content doubles so each sperm still has 46 chromosomes
54
Oligiospermia
reduced sperm count
55
Azoospermia
complete lack of sperm in ejaculate
56
Immotile
sperm can't swim
57
IVF
oocytes are harvested and fertilised ex vivo.
| It requires around 50,000 motile sperm per droplet in IVF
58
what is IVF good for?
oligiospermia
| the sperm have to be motile
59
ICSI
a single sperm is captured and ejected into an oocyte using microfine pipettes
60
positive of ICSI
sperm doesn't have to be motile
you can use sperm collected form autopsy
good for azoospermia and immotile
61
Where is sperm produced?
in the seminiferous tubules
62
path of sperm after production
seminiferous tubules
rete testis
epididymis
vas deferens
63
where do sperm acquire ability to be motile and to fertilise?
in the epididymis
64
how long does it take for sperm to acquire ability to be motile and to fertilise?
10-14 days
65
what else does the epididymis do?
reabsorbs liquid from around the sperm making it more concentrated.
66
how long does sperm get stored in the vas defers
for several months
67
how long is the vas deferns
45 cm long
68
where does the Vas Deferens run?
from the epididymis up and around the bladder
69
where does ejaculatory duct join the urethra
at the prostate
70
how long is the urethra?
about 20 cms long
71
where does the Urethra run?
from the bladder through the prostate to the end of the penis
72
what do secretory glands secrete?
a mucoid (sticky) substance
73
what is the sticky mucoid secreted by the secretory gland like?
alkaline
| Fructose – energy source for spermprostaglandins clotting proteins
74
when does the content of the seminal vesicles get emptied?
directly after the sperm is ejected from the vas deferens and washes sperm down the ejaculatory duct
75
what do prostaglandins do?
may induce contractions in the female reproductive tract
76
prostate
doughnut shaped organ the size of a golf ball
77
urethra and the prostate
the urethra passes through the prostate which secretes prostatic fluid into the urethra ahead of sperm during ejaculation
78
prostate secretes properties
```
Slightly Acidic (pH6.5)
–contains citrate (for ATP)
–a milky colour
–phosphate and calcium
–Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
other enzymes
```
79
what is the role of PSA in the prostate secretes?
breaks down the post ejaculation coagulum so sperm can be release and swim to the egg from the vagina
80
semen consists of?
1. sperm 10%
2. seminal vesicle fluid 60%
3. prostatic fluid 30%
4. other secretions in small amounts
81
what is the order of the components of sperm?
prostatic fluid
sperm
seminal vesicle fluid
82
benign prostatic hyperplasia
being prostate tumour which occludes the urethra
83
effect of benign prostatic hyperplasia
occluding of urethra causes difficulty in voiding the bladder, eventually causes weakening of the bladder. It can cause urinary infections and kidney problems.
84
treatments for Prostatic Benign Hyperplasia
Selective 5 α-reductase inhibitor(s)
–Finasteride
–Dutasteride
- surgery
85
how does Finasteride and Dutasteride stop growing of the prostate
inhibits 5 a-reductase which creates DHT, this stop enlargement of prostate
86
treatment of Prostate Cancer
```
Androgen depletion
–5 α−reductase inhibitors (finasteride)
–castration
–Inhibitors of androgen synthesis
Inhibition of testosterone action-block the androgen receptor
•Surgery – prostatectomy
```
87
three major structures of the penis
corpora cavernosa (x2)
corpus spongiosum
penile urethra
88
what does corpora cavernous do?
it is the main erectile tissue
89
Corpus Spongiosum
surrounds the penile urethra and prevents occlusion during erection.
90
Penile Urethra
conducts semen (and urine)
91
how does an erection occur?
releases of NO and Prostaglandin E1 causes the smooth muscle of the corpora cavernosa to relax.
Blood fills the cavernous spaces of the corpora cavernosa.
The engorgement of the corpora reduces venous outflow adding to the engorgement.
92
How does Viagra work?
Relaxation of the smooth muscle in the corpora cavernosa requires Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP).
The enzyme phosphodiesterase breaks down GMP
Viagra inhibits phosphodiesterase (type 5) leading to increased GMP, relaxation of the arteries suppling the corpora cavernosa and erection.
93
endocrine glands controlling reproductive processes
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Gland
94
Two main functions of gonads
Produce gametes
| Produce reproductive hormone
95
androgen examples
Testosterone
| 5 a Dihydrotestosterone
96
what do androgens do
male sex development
spermatogenesis
sexual behaviour
muscle development
97
Oestrogens
role of development and maintain of female characteristics and fertility
98
examples of Oestrogen
Oestradiol
Oestrone
Oestroil
99
where is the main site of Oestrogen production?
in the granulosa cells of the growing follicle
100
what do Oestrogens do?
Female sex development
Regulation of the menstrual cycle
Growth of the endometrium
Bone growth
101
Progestagens
major steroid hormone of the corpusluteum and of the placenta
102
what is Progestagen associated with?
the preparations for pregnancy and its maintenance
103
Sex Determination
commitment of the biopotential gonad to a testis or a ovary
104
what is the SRY gene?
provides the pathway for the testes to develop
105
In the absence of SRY gene?
embryo develops into a female
106
sex differentiation
phenotypic development of genital structures due to the action of hormones produced following gonadal development
107
Male differentiation
Mullerian duct regression occurs under the control of Anti-Mullerian hormone
108
What maintains the Wolffian Ducts
Testosterone secreted by Testes
109
what do Wolffian Ducts develop into?
the Epididymis, Vas Deferns and Seminal vesicles
110
Female Differentiation
the Mullerian Duct persists and develop to give rise to the Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and upper vagina
111
External male differentiation
fusion of urethral folds enclosing the urethral tube forming the shaft of the penis.
Labioscrotal swellings fuse in the midline forming the scrotum
The genital tubercle (glans area) expands forming the glans penis.
112
external Female differentiation
The urethral folds and labioscrotal swellings remain separate, thus forming the labia minora and majora
The genital tubercle (glans area) forms the clitoris.
113
levels of gonadotrophin
very low during childhood until the initiation of events leading to puberty
114
first endocrine sign of puberty
increase in plasma LH levels, it results from an increase in GnRH release
115
Menopause
consequence of the ovaries running out of follicles
116
when does menopause occur
50-52 years
117
what does the last episode of natural menstrual bleeding signify?
the end of a womans reproductive life
118
one year after the menopause
ovary has essentially stopped producing hormones (ovarian senescence)
119
Oestrogen production in menopause
reduces to less than one tenth
120
where is Oestreon produced from after Menopause
mainly from the stromal cells of adipose tissue
121
Menopause symptoms
Vasomotor: hot flushes and night sweats
Bone Metabolism: Osteoporosis
anxiety, depression, tension
Genitourinary: Atrophic changes, dryness
122
once a month
the ovary produces viable/ mature oocytes. The fingerlike projections of the uterine tubes pick it up
123
what if fertilisation doesn't occur of the mature oocyte
the egg is gone through the vagina
124
what if fertilisation does occur?
if sperm make their way through the cervix and up to the ampulla and it co-incides with the release of an oocyte, fertilisation will occur in the Ampulla
125
where does an Embryo implant?
on the side of the Uterus
126
function of the Hypothalamus
act as a homeostatic regulator for reproduction, stress, body temeprature, hunger, thirst, sleep etc
127
oxytocin
has major effects on smooth muscle contraction, causing milk ejection and contraction of the uterus during childbirth. It Is also used to induce labour
