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HEMATOLOGY (Topnotcher QT) > AUTOMATION > Flashcards

AUTOMATION Flashcards

memorization

1
Q

Developed by Coulter in the 1950s, and is the most common methodology used.

A

Electrical impedance

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2
Q

The number of pulses generated is _______ to cell count

A

proportional/ directly proportional

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3
Q

The amplitude of the pulse generated is ________ to cell size

A

proportional/ directly proportional`

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4
Q

More than one cell at a time passes through the orifice and causes artificial large pulses which results in falsely increased cell volumes and falsely decreased cell counts

A

Coincident passage

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5
Q

Uses flow cytometer with laser to measure light scattering properties of cells

A

Light scattering Optical method

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6
Q

In LSOM, forward angle light scatter (0 angle) measures:

A

CELL SIZE

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7
Q

Internal complexity or cell granularity

A

orthogonal/side angle LS

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8
Q

A combination of forward low-angle ls and forward high-angle ls which correlates to cell volume and refractive index or with internal complexity

A

Differential scatter

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9
Q

Forward low-angle light scatter: _____ degrees
Forward high-angle light scatter: _____degrees

A

Forward low-angle: 2-3 degrees
Forward high-angle: 5-15 degrees

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10
Q

The number of pulses generated is _______ to the cell count

A

Directly proportional

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11
Q

Optical scatter may be used to study ____, _____, and ______

A

RBCs
WBCs
Platelets

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12
Q

In the Histogram, the X axis represents the cell ____
while the Y axis represents the cell ______

A

X-axis = cell size
Y-axis m= cell count

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13
Q

In WBC histogram, the reference range of WBCs is:

A

35-450 fL

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14
Q

1st peak = cell(s) _______, smallest, measures ____fL
2nd peak = cell(s) _______, medium, measures ____fL
3rd peak = cell(s) _______, largest, measures _____fL

A

1st peak = LYMPHOCYTES; 35-90fL
2nd peak = MONOCYTES (includes Basophils and Eosinophils); 90-160fL
3rd peak= GRANULOCYTES (Neutrophils); 160-450 fL

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15
Q

Abnormal WBC histograms:

population before 35fL may indicate _______, _______

A

Population before 35 fL may indicate nucleated RBCs, giant or clumped platelets

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16
Q

Abnormal WBC histograms:

peak overlap at 90fL may indicate _______ or ______

A

peak overlap at 90 fL may indicate reactive lymphocytes or blast cells

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17
Q

Abnormal WBC histograms:

peak overlap at 160fL may indicate ________, ______, _____ or _______

A

peak overlap at 160 fL may indicate an increased in bands, immature neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils

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18
Q

Reference size range for RBCs in histogram

A

> or equal to 36 fL

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19
Q

Abnormal RBC histogram:

Two peaks indicate a:

A

Dimorphic erythrocyte population

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20
Q

Abnormal RBC histogram:

Increased curve width will correlate with an:

A

increased RDW (anisocytosis)

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21
Q

Abnormal RBC histogram:

Shift to the right indicates:

A

increased MCV (macrocytic)

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22
Q

Abnormal RBC histogram:

Shift to the left indicates:

A

decreased MCV (microcytic)

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23
Q

reference size range for platelets in the histogram

A

2-20 fL

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24
Q

reference interval for the MPV:

A

6.8 to 10.2 fL

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25
PARAMETERS: RBC decreased MCV increased MCHC increased HCT decreased Grainy appearance RATIONALE: RBC agglutination INDICATORS: Dual RBC population or shift to the right on RBC histogram
Cold Agglutinins
26
Corrective action/remedy for cold agglutinins
warm sample at 37C
27
PARAMETERS: Hb increased MCH increased MCHC increased
Lipemia, icterus, chylomicrons
28
Corrective action/remedy for lipemic specimens or chylomicrons present
Plasma replacement
29
PARAMETERS: RBC decreased HCT decreased
hemolysis
30
PARAMETERS: WBC increased Hb increased
Lysis-resistant RBC with abnormal Hb
31
Corrective action/remedy for lysis-resistant RBC with abnormal Hb
Manual dilutions, allow incubation for lysis time
32
PARAMETERS: RBC decreased Platelet increased
Microcytosis or schistocytes
33
Corrective action/remedy for possible presence of schistocytes
smear review
34
PARAMETERS: WBC increased
Nucleated RBCs, megakaryocyte fragments, or micromegakaryoblasts nRBCs or micromegakaryoblasts are counted as WBCs
35
PARAMETERS: Platelet decreased WBC increased
Platelet clumps
36
Corrective action/remedy for possible presence of nRBCs/ micromegakaryoblasts
Count nucleated RBCs or Micromegakaryoblasts per 100 WBCs and CORRECT
37
Corrective action/remedy for presence of platelet clumps
Redraw specimen in sodium citrate, multiply by 1.1
38
PARAMETERS: Hb increased RBC increased HCT increased INCORRECT/ABNORMAL INDICES
WBC >100,000/uL Increased turbidity on Hb, WBCs counted as RBC COUNT
39
Corrective action/remedy for very high WBC count (>100,000/uL)
Spun hematocrit, manual Hb (read supernatant), correct RBC count, recalculate indices
40
PARAMETERS: MCV increased MPV increased Platelet decreased AUTOMATED DIFFERENTIAL MAY BE INCORRECT
Old specimen RBC swell and as sample ages, platelets swell and degenerate, WBCs affected by prolonged exposure to EDTA
41
corrective action/remedy for suspected old specimen
Establish stability and sample rejection criteria
42
Errors with cell counting: Aperture plug (negative or positive?)
positive error
43
Errors with cell counting: Extraneous electrical pulses (negative or positive error?)
positive error
44
Errors with cell counting: Improper setting of aperture current (negative or positive error?)
negative error/ (+/- error)
45
Errors with cell counting: Bubbles (negative or positive error?)
positive error
46
Errors with cell counting: Excessive lysing of RBCs (negative or positive error)
negative error
47
Giant platelets may be counted as RBCs or WBCs true or false
true
48
Fragments of WBC cytoplasm may be counted as platelet or RBCs true or false
true
49
Agglutination will cause a false positive result (RBC, WBC, platelet) true or false
false - agglutination will cause a false negative result (RBC, WBC, platelet)
49
An increased number of schistocytes may make accurate RBC and platelet count possible true or false
false - it may make RBC and platelet count impossible if there is an increased schistocytes
50
Agglutinated RBCs and platelets may cause a falsely positive count true or false
true
51
Platelet satellitism will result in falsely high platelet counts and a decreased WBC count true or false
false - platelet satellitism will result in a falsely low platelet count and an increased WBC count
52
Some abnormal RBCs tend to resist lysis, which may result in high WBC counts. Example sickle cells, extremely hypochromic cells, and target cells true or false
true
53
FIBROMETER is an electromechanical device where fibrin strand formation is detected using a wire loop or hook that is incorporated to a fully-automated instrument true or false
false - fribrometer is incorporated to a SEMI-AUTOMATED INSTRUMENT
54
Electra 750 and 750A is an AUTOMATED photo-optical device true or false
false - Electra 750 and 750A is a SEMIAUTOMATED photo-optical device
55
Ortho Koagulab16S and 40 is an AUTOMATED photo-optical device true or false
true
56
Computed values:
MCH MCHC HCT
57
Derived values:
MCV RDW MPV PDW
58
Directly measured by electrical impedance:
RBC ct. WBC ct. PLT ct.
59
Flow cytometry components:
Laser (light source) Fluidics Computer Detection system
60
3 part differential:
Granulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes
61

HEMATOLOGY (Topnotcher QT) (12 decks)

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