Autonomic Nervous System

Question 0

Which part of the autonomic NS is most active during exercise or stress?

Answer 0

Sympathetic

Question 1

When the NS is functionally classified, which system is voluntary and which system is involuntary?

Answer 1

Voluntary = Somatic (external)

Involuntary = Autonomic (internal) Sympathetic/Parasympathetic

Question 2

Which part of the autonomic NS is the ‘fight or flight’ response?

Answer 2

Sympathetic

Question 3

Tachycardia, increased BP, increased blood flow to muscle, inhibited GI peristalsis, bronchial dilation and pupil dilation are responses to what?

Answer 3

The sympathetic NS/fight or flight

Allow more blood and oxygen to get to tissues, better vision, no poo so can run away

Question 4

In the sympathetic NS, where would you find the pre-ganglionic neurone?

Answer 4

In the spinal cord

Question 5

What type of NT does the pre-ganglionic neurone release in the sympathetic NS?

Answer 5

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 6

In the sympathetic NS, after the pre-ganglionic membrane has released ACh, what type of receptors does it bind to?
Where are these receptors?

Answer 6

The ACh binds to Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

These are in the post-ganglionic neurone

Question 7

In the sympathetic NS, the pre-ganglionic membrane in the spinal cord releases ACh. This is picked up in the post-ganglionic membrane at the nicotinic receptors. The ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies.
What does the post-ganglionic membrane then release?

Answer 7

Noradrenaline (Nor)

Question 8

In the sympathetic NS, once the post-ganglionic membrane has released Nor, where does it go an what receptors pick it up?

Answer 8

Adrenergic Receptors pick up Nor in the Target tissue (e.g. heart or blood vessels). The receptors then get the target tissue to dilate/contract/inhibit etc

Question 9

What does nicotine in cigarettes stimulate?

Answer 9

ACh receptors (this is why we call them nicotinic)
This means it stimulates the sympathetic NS

Question 10

What do nicotinic receptors control?

Answer 10

Ion channels (ACh in the ligand)
These nicotinic receptors are found in the CNS, ANS ganglia and the neuromuscular junction

Question 11

Where can nicotinic receptors be found?

Answer 11

CNS, ANS ganglia and the neuromuscular junction (the synpase from nerves that supply muscle)

Question 12

What type of ganglia in the sympathetic NS go to the vessels of the skin, skeletal muscle, pilomotor muscle, sweat glands, smooth muscle of the eye, salivary glands, bronchi, heart, pulmonary vessels and adrenal gland?

Answer 12

Paravertebral Ganglia

Question 13

What type of ganglia in the sympathetic NS go to the gut, renal/hepatic vessels, bladder and genitalia?

Answer 13

Prevertebral Ganglia

pre = toilety stuff

Question 14

What NS is the adrenal medulla/gland associated with?

Answer 14

Sympathetic

Question 15

After acetylcholine has been picked up by the nicotinic receptors in the adrenal medulla, what does it secrete?

Answer 15

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

Question 16

The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline in what ratio?

Answer 16

4:1

so 4 adrenaline to 1 noradrenaline

Question 17

The adrenal medulla is derived from neuronal tissue. The hormones it releases act on what?

Answer 17

Sympathetic effector cells

Question 18

Cocaine and Amphetamine are thought to act via the Sympathetic NS. What are they thought to prolong to have their stimulating effects?

Answer 18

Neurotransmitters - primarily Noradrenaline, but also serotonin and dopamine

Question 19

Bradycardia, increased GI motility, bronchial constriction, pupil constriction and gastric acid secretion are thought to be responses of what NS?

Answer 19

Parasympathetic NS - ‘rest and digest’

Question 20

In the parasympathetic NS, the pre-ganglionic neurone releases ACh. This is picked up by the nicotinic receptors in the post-ganglionic neurone. What does the post-ganglionic neurone then release?

Answer 20

ACh

Question 21

In the parasympathetic NS, once the POST-ganglionic neurone has released ACh, what receptors pick it up and where?

Answer 21

Muscarinic ACh receptors in the target tissue

Question 22

What are the 2 classes of ACh receptor?

Answer 22

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

Question 23

Which type of ACh receptor is found at parasympathetic NEUROEFFECTER junctions?

Answer 23

Muscarinic

Question 24

Which type of ACh receptor is found at ganglionic synapses of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Answer 24

Nicotinic

Question 25

What antagonist can block muscarinic ACh receptors?

Answer 25

Atropine/belladonna (this would allow a pupil to dilate)

Question 26

What antagonist can block nicotinic ACh receptors?

Answer 26

Curare - a muscle relaxant

Question 27

The cranial nerves 3, 7, 9 and 10 and the sacral nerves 2 and 4 supply what? What is this called?

Answer 27

The parasympathetic NS = cranio-sacral outflow ``` cranial = top stuff sacral = toilety stuff (pelvic ganglia) ```

Question 28

The eye, vasculature, heart and respiratory tract are examples of what in the parasympathetic NS?

Answer 28

Autonomic Effector Tissues

Question 29

In the sympathetic NS, what type of NT is released?

Answer 29

Noradrenaline and Adrenaline

Question 30

In the sympathetic NS and the parasympathetic NS, which has the short and which has a long preganglionic neurone?

Answer 30

Sympathetic - short Parasympathetic - long (think of as sympathetic needing to be quick and short, whilst para is resting and long)

Question 31

In the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS, where are the ganglia located in each?

Answer 31

Sympathetic - ganglia are paravertabral | Parasympathetic - ganglia are close to the effector (snuggly and relaxed)

Question 32

In the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS, which has catabolic and which has anabolic metabolic/physiological effect?

Answer 32

Sympathetic - catabolic (fight/flight) | Parasympathetic - anabolic (rest/digest)

Question 33

In autonomic control, the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems often exert opposite actions to provide dual control. Why?

Answer 33

Finer control as can modify/regulate both | If was just an accelerator then it wouldn't be able to slow down quickly - think of accelerator/brake analogy

Question 34

In the heart, the SNS increases HR and contraction force, and the PNS decreases HR and contraction force. In the airways, the SNS dilates them and the PNS constricts them. How about blood vessels?

Answer 34

PNS has no effect here. In the skin and kidney the SNS vasoconstricts and in the muscles and liver it vasodilates

Question 35

What are the divisions in the ANS?

Answer 35

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 36

In which NS do you get thoraco-lumbar outflow?

Answer 36

SNS

Question 37

In which NS do you get cranio-sacral outflow?

Answer 37

PNS

Question 38

Do the SNS and PNS both have pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurones?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

What are the main NTs in the ANS?

Answer 39

ACh and Nor

Question 40

What NT is released by the pre-ganglionic neurones of both the SNS and PNS?

Answer 40

ACh

Question 41

What NT is released by post-ganglionic neurones in the SNS?

Answer 41

Nor

Question 42

What does the adrenal gland mainly secrete?

Answer 42

Adrenaline (4) also some Nor (1)