The Endocrine System Flashcards by Gen Parkinson

Endocrinology allows the body to communicate and produce signals. It regulates the internal environment by detecting changes. How does it do this?

It uses chemicals, such as proteins/peptides and steroids

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What is the name of a constant internal environment?

Homeostasis

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Specialised cells/tissues and organs called endocrine glands make up what system?

The endocrine system

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What do endocrine glands secrete and where to?

Chemical messengers which are substances, into the internal environment (the blood stream)

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Where do chemical messengers released from the endocrine glands act?

Target cells which may be distant from the gland

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What are oestrogen, oxytocin, adrenaline, testosterone, insulin and thyroxine examples of?

Hormones

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What do the following do:
Oestrogen
Oxytocin
Adrenaline
Thyroxine
Insulin
Testosterone

Oestrogen - controls menstrual cycle/ovulation/secondary sexual cs
Oxytocin - bonding chemical/contractions/lactation
Adrenaline - fight/flight
Thyroxine - metabolic rate/body temp
Insulin - decreases plasma glucose levels
Testosterone - sperm/secondary sexual cs

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What are the 3 categories of hormone?

Steroids
Peptides
Amines

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What can steroid hormones do?

They are lipid and can go through cell membrane to change chemical in cell

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What can peptide hormones do?

Act on cell membrane surface receptor

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What do Amine hormones do?

Can go through cell membrane and bind to surface receptors

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What type of gland can synthesise/store chemical messengers, have no ducts so need a very rich blood supply and secrete hormones into the blood?

Endocrine Glands

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What hormone comes from the parathyroid gland and increases plasma calcium levels?

Parathyroid hormone

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What hormone decreases raised calcium levels?

Calcitonin

SO calcitonin DECREASES calcium and parathyroid increases it

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What hormone increases sodium released from the adrenal cortex?

Aldosterone

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Which hormone increases water reabsorption?

ADH

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Which hormone increases the sodium lost at the kidneys and therefor decreases sodium levels in the body?

ANP

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Where is the pituitary gland located?

Centre of brain

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Where is the thyroid gland located?

Throat

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Where are the adrenal glands located?

Above the kidneys

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What gland secretes EPO (for red blood cell count production)?

The kidneys

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What are the pituitary gland, thryoid gland, adrenal gland, kidneys, testes and ovaries examples of?

Endocrine glands

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The hypothalamus releases hormones to the pituitary gland which stimulates the peripheral endocrine gland. All these glands send negative feedback to one another - this is known as regulating the……..

internal environment

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What is the name of the area of the brain that forms the walls and floor of the third ventricle, regulates function and is closely related to the pituitary gland?

It also produces the releasing hormones TRH, PRF, PRIF, CRH, GnRH, GHRH and SS.

Hypothalamus

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What gland stores the hormones ADH and oxytocin after they have been produced in the hypothalamus and have travelled down axons into the secretory vesicles?

Posterior Pituitary

Which gland is enclosed by a capsule of collagenous connective tissue, is surrounded by thing walled blood vessels and produces and secretes 6 hormones (TSH, PRL, ACTH, LH, FSH and GH)?

Anterior Pituitary

``` What the following stand for? TSH PRL ACTH LH FSH hGH ```

``` Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Prolactin Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone Human Growth Hormone ```

In hormonal cascades, the hypothalamus is the control centre that releases a hormone so that the Anterior Pituitary produces and releases another hormone. This stimulates the endocrine organ to release a hormone that affects the target tissue. This final hormone then tells the hypo and AP it has had enough. What type of feedback is this?

Negative

The thyroid gland is a butterfly shape in the trachea. What is the middle bit in the thyroid gland that releases hormones directly into the blood stream?

Isthmus

TRH stimulates the release of TSH. This stimulates the breakdown of thyroglobin into T3 and T4. What is this process called?

Thyroid Hormone Regulation

Thyroid hormones cross the cell membrane easily as they are amine. What receptors do they bind to for gene expression and to increase ATP production?

Nucleus, mitochondria and cytoplasm

The functional outcomes of increased metabolic rate (increased HR/resp rate to accommodate increased in metabolic demand, and temp increase) are the function of what hormone?

Thyroid hormone

Lethargy, developmental delay and goitre are effects of what?

Hypothyroidism

Increased BP, heart rate and goitre are effects of what?

Hyperthyroidism

What hormone is produced by the C cells in the thyroid gland?

Calcitonin

What hormone is responsible for lowering calcium and phosphate levels in the blood?

Calcitonin

How does calcitonin lower calcium levels and phosphate levels in the blood?

It reduces the amount released from the bones and it increases the amount excreted by the kidney

What class of hormone binds to membrane receptors?

Peptide

What class of hormone binds to cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors?

Steroid - can get through membrane

What class of hormone is similar to steroid hormones and activates transcription of specific genes?

Amine

What hormone uses a peptide mechanism to stimulate its system?

Adenylate Cyclase

When adenylate cyclase is activated, what acts as a second messenger to open ion channels and activate enzymes?

cAMP

Adrenaline, noradrenaline, ADH, ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH, PTH, calcitonin and glucagon are what type of hormones that activate adenylate cyclase?

Peptide hormones

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble. They diffuse into the cell. Where are the receptors located? (2 locations)

Cytoplasm and nucleus

``` What class of hormone has direct effects on specific genes? (and produce proteins - enzymes or membrane proteins) ```

Steroid hormones

What class of hormone are mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone), glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisone) and sex steroids (oestrogen and testosterone) examples of?

Steroid hormones

What hormone increases the osmolarity of the blood by causing sodium reabsorption from the DCT and MCD in the KIDNEY?

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) that comes from the adrenal cortex

Are steroid or peptide hormones faster acting?

Peptide are. Steroid has to alter the DNA to switch on genes and then alter cell wall activity

The pancreas uses what kind of hormone?

Peptides

What hormone does the heart tissue secrete?

ANP

What hormone does the kidney tissue secrete?

EPO and renin peptide

What type of hormone does the brain tissue secrete?

Melatonin, BNP

What hormone does the small intestine tissue secrete?

CCK

What type of hormone does the pineal gland tissue secrete?

Melatonin (for circadian rhythms)

What kind of hormone does the parathyroid gland tissue secrete?

Parathyroid hormone that increases calcium

What hormone does the placenta tissue secrete?

Progesterone in pregnancy, HCG?

What hormone does the thymus tissue secrete?

Thymocins

What does paracrine mean?

Effects of hormone are restricted to local environment

What does autocrine mean?

Self stimulation through cellular production of a hormone

High BP, a swollen neck, palpitations, nervousness, high heart rate, insomnia, weight loss, trembling hands and heat intolerance are likely to be side effects of what?

Hyperthyroidism