Autonomic nervous system

Question 1

Autonomic nervous system is a set of pathways to and from CNS that innervates and regulates

Answer 1

1. SMC
2. cardiac muscle
3. Glands

Question 2

ANS - Synapse between neurons are made in the

Answer 2

autonomic ganglia

Question 3

ANS - sympathetic vs parasympathetic ganglia according to location

Answer 3

parasympathetic –> in or near the effector organ

sympathetic –> in the paravertebral chain

Question 4

ANS - Pregaglionic neurons - location (generally)

Answer 4

• cell bodies in the CNS

- synapse in autonomic ganglia

Question 5

ANS - sympathetic vs parasympathetic preganglionic neurons according to origin

Answer 5

Symp –> spinal cord T1 - L3 (thoracocolumnar region)

Para –> nuclei of cranial nerves (3, 7, 9, 10) + spinal cord S2-S4 (craniosacral region)

Question 6

cranial nerves with parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 6

3, 7, 9, 10

Question 7

ANS - sympathetic vs parasympathetic preganglionic and postgnanglionic neurons according to size

Answer 7

parasympathetic –> long pre, short post

sympathetic –> short pre, long post

Question 8

ANS - postganglionic neurons - location (generally)

Answer 8

• cell bodies in the autonomic ganglia

- synapse on effector organs

Question 9

Neurotransmitters of ANS (and receptors)

Answer 9

• all preganglionic neurons secrete ACH (nicotinic)
• parasympahtetic postganglionic secrete ACH (M)
• sympathetic postganglionic secrete norepinephrine (α1, α2, β1), dopamine (D1), ACH (M, in sweat glands)

Question 10

ANS - neurotransmitter and receptor type in ganglion

Answer 10

ACH / nicotinic (Nn)

Question 11

ANS - adrenal medulla

Answer 11

sympathetic preganglionic neuron synapse there with ACH (Nicotinic), causing Norepinephrine and epinephrine releasing in blood

Question 12

ANS - sympathetic postganglionic - ACH - target?

Answer 12

sweat glands (M receptor)

Question 13

ANS - sympathetic postganglionic - Dopamine - target?

Answer 13

1. renal vasculature

2. smooth muscle

Question 14

ANS - sympathetic postganglionic - NE - target?

Answer 14

cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminal

Question 15

target of Norepinephrine and epinephrine released by adrenal medulla

Answer 15

cardiac muscle

vessels

Question 16

targets of parasympathetic nervous systme

Answer 16

1. Cardiac muscle
2. smooth muscle
3. gland cells
4. nerve terminals

Question 17

organs that are part of sympathetic nervous system but are innervated by ACH

Answer 17

1. adrenal medulla

2. sweat glands

Question 18

Botulinum toxin - mechanism of action

Answer 18

protease that cleave SNARE (soluble NSF attachment protein receptor), a set of proteins required for neurotransmitter release via vesicular formation –> prevent release of stimulatory (ACH) signals at neuromuscular junctions (and ANS)

Question 19

neuromascular juction receptor vs autonomic ganglion receptor

Answer 19

both Ach:
ganglion: Nn
NMJ: Nm

Question 20

types of ACH receptors and their types

Answer 20

1. Nicotinic: a. Nn b. Nm

2. Muscarinic: M1-5

Question 21

types of ACH receptors and their pathway

Answer 21

1. Nicotinic: ligant gated Na/K channel

2. Muscarinic: G-protein coupled receptors

Question 22

types of ACH receptors and their location

Answer 22

1. Nicotinic: a. Nn autonomic on ganglia and adrenal medulla b. Nm on NMJ
2. Muscarinic in heart, smooth muscle, brian, exocrine glands, sweat glands

Question 23

G protein - linked 2nd messengers - type of receptors (only the groups)

Answer 23

1. sympathetic
2. parasympathetic
3. dopamine
4. histamine
5. vasopressin

Question 24

Sympathetic receptors and G protein class

Answer 24

α1 --> q
α2 --> i
β1 --> s
β2 --> s
β3 --> s

Question 25

α1 receptor - function

Answer 25

1. increase vascular SMCs contraction 2. increases pupillary dilator muscle contr (mydriasis) 3. increases intestinal + bladder sphincter muscle contr

Question 26

α2 receptor - function

Answer 26

1. decreases sympathetic outflow 2. decreases insulin release 3. decreases lipolysis 4. increased platelet aggregation 5. decrease aqueous humor production

Question 27

β1 receptor - function

Answer 27

1. increases HR 2. increases contractility 3. increases renin release 4. increases lipolysis

Question 28

β2 receptor - function

Answer 28

1. vasodilation 2. bronchodilation 3. increases lypolysis 4. increases insulin release 5. decrease uterine tone (tocolysis) 6. ciliary muscle relacation 7. increases aqueous humor production

Question 29

β3 receptor - function

Answer 29

1. increases lipolysis | 2. increases thermogenesis in skeletal muscle

Question 30

Parasympathetic receptors and G protein class

Answer 30

M1 --> q M2 --> i M3 --> q

Question 31

M1 receptor - function

Answer 31

1. CNS | 2. enteric nervous system

Question 32

M2 receptor - function

Answer 32

1. decreases HR | 2. decreases contractility of atria

Question 33

M3 receptor - function

Answer 33

1. increases increases exocrine gland secretions (eg. lacrimal, sweat, salivary, gastric acid) 2. increases gut peristalsis 3. increases bladder contraction 4. bronchoconstriction 5. increases pupillary sphincter muscle contr (miosis) 6. ciliary muscle contraction (accommodation)

Question 34

dopamine receptors and G protein class

Answer 34

D1 --> s | D2 --> i

Question 35

D1 receptor - function

Answer 35

relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle

Question 36

D2 receptor - function

Answer 36

Modulates transmitter release, eps in brain

Question 37

Histamine receptors and G protein class

Answer 37

H1 --> q | H2 --> s

Question 38

H1 receptor - function

Answer 38

1. increase nasal and bronchial mucus production 2. increase vascular permeability 3. contraction of bronhioles 4. pruritus 5. pain

Question 39

H2 receptor - function

Answer 39

gastric acid secretion

Question 40

Vasopressin receptors and G protein class

Answer 40

V1 --> q | V2 --> s

Question 41

V1 receptor - function

Answer 41

increases vascular smooth muscle contraction

Question 42

V2 receptor - function

Answer 42

increases H2O permeability and reabsroption in collecting tubules of kidney

Question 43

Gq receptors - types

Answer 43

H1, α1, V1 | M1, M3

Question 44

Gi receptors - types

Answer 44

M2, A2, D2

Question 45

Gs receptors

Answer 45

β1, β2, β3, D1, H2, V2

Question 46

Gq receptor - types and mechanism

Answer 46

H1, α1, V1, M1, M3 --> phospholipase C --> degrade PIP2 (from lipids) to DAG and IP3: DAG --> protein kinase C IP3 --> increase CA2+ --> SMCs contraction

Question 47

Gs receptor - types and mechanism

Answer 47

β1, β2, β3, D1, H2, V2 --> GS --> adenylyl cyclase --> increases cAMP (from ATP) --> protein kinase A -- a. increases CA2+ in heart b. decreases myosin light-chain kinase (SMCs)

Question 48

Gi receptor - types and mechanism

Answer 48

M2, A2, D2 --> inhibit adelylyl cyclase (same pathway with Gs)

Question 49

G protein - linked 2nd messengers - type of receptors (group and type) and specific G protein

Answer 49

``` α1 --> q α2 --> i β1 --> s β2 --> s β3 --> s M1 --> q M2 --> i M3 --> q D1 --> s D2 --> i H1 --> q H2 --> s V1 --> q V2 --> s ```

Question 50

H1 receptor - function

Answer 50

1. increase nasal and bronchial mucus production 2. increase vascular permeability 3. contraction of bronhioles 4. pruritus 5. pain

Question 51

cGMP hormones

Answer 51

BNP, ANP, NO (EDRF)

Question 52

IP3 hormones

Answer 52

Mnemonic GOAT HAG | GnRH Oxytocin ADH (v1), TRH, Histamine (H1), Angiotensin II, Gastrin

Question 53

intracellular receptors - hormones

Answer 53

Vit D, estrogen, testosterone, T3/T4, cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone

Question 54

Intrinsic tyrosine pathway kinase - hormones

Answer 54

insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EFG

Question 55

cAMP hormones

Answer 55

Mnemonic FLAT CHAMP | FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2-receptor), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon

Question 56

Intrinsic tyrosine kinase PATHWAY

Answer 56

MAP KINASE PATHWAY

Question 57

nonreceptor tyrosine kinase PATHWAY

Answer 57

JAK/STAT pathway

Question 58

Receptor associated tyrosine kinase hormones

Answer 58

``` Prolactin G-CSF Erytropoietin Thrombopoietin GH Immunomodulators (eg. cytokines IL-2 IL-6, INF) (THINK acidophils and cytokines) ```