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PHA3112 - pharmacology > Autonomic Nervous System Basics > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Basics Flashcards

Basics of ANS function, effects, and receptors

1
Q

What does the ANS regulate (3)

A
  1. the heart
  2. secretory glands
  3. smooth muscles
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2
Q

When does the SNS activate?

A

in acute, stressful situations
Exercise Excitement Emotions

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3
Q

SNS effect on the eyes

A

mydriasis - pupil dilation via contraction of the pupillary muscles

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4
Q

Mydriasis (meaning)

A

dilation of the pupil via contraction of the pupillary muscles = SNS effect

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5
Q

SNS effect on the brain

A

increased focus, attention (increased blood flow to brain)

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6
Q

SNS effect on the heart

A

increased HR and force of contraction

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7
Q

SNS effect on blood vessels

A

vasodilation OR vasoconstriction

some have adrenergic and some have cholinergic receptors (depends on which are stimulated)

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8
Q

SNS effects on the lungs

A

dilation of the bronchi
(allows increased airflow, maximizes oxygen)

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9
Q

SNS effects on the adrenal glands

A

stimulates the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline into the blood stream

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10
Q

SNS effects on the sex organs

A

increases reproductive success
a. ejaculation
b. contraction of the vagina
c. relaxation of the uterus

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11
Q

SNS effects on the urinary system

A

a. relaxation of the detrusor muscle
b. contraction of the internal urinary sphincter

**prevents urination/ urinary urgency

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12
Q

SNS effects on the digestive system

A

decreases gastrointestinal secretions and motility

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13
Q

SNS effect on liver/ adipose tissue

A

increase in glycogenolysis, lipolysis

**increase in release of stored energy substrates for conversion into energy

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14
Q

SNS effect on sweat glands

A

diaphoresis

**cool down muscles

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15
Q

SNS effect on coagulation

A

increased

**increased blood flow increases clotting agents available at any given location

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16
Q

SNS effect on kidneys

A

stimulates the release of renin

**renin release increases BP

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17
Q

Neurons of the SNS exit in the:

A

thoraco-lumbar region (T1-L2)

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18
Q

SNS neuron structure

A

short preganglionic
long postganglionic

= diffuse (generalized) effects

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19
Q

SNS post-ganglionic neuron features

A

can function as a:
a. neuron (releases NTs)
b. adrenal medulla (releases
hormones)

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20
Q

SNS produces _____ effects

A

diffuse (generalized) effects
d/t: long post-ganglionic
neuron releasing NTs and
adrenal medulla releasing
hormones

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21
Q

When does the PNS activate?

A

for maintenance functions of the body
Digestion Defecation Diuresis

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22
Q

PNS effect on the eyes

A

a. miosis - pupil contraction via relaxation of the pupillary iris muscle
b. accommodation - contraction of the ciliary muscle to allow for near vision

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23
Q

miosis (meaning)

A

relaxation of the pupillary iris muscle = PNS effect

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24
Q

accommodation (meaning)

A

contraction of the ciliary muscle allowing for near vision = PNS effect

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25
PNS effect on the heart
reduced HR, slightly reduced force of contraction of the atria
26
PNS effect on the blood vessels
little to no effect --> largely SNS regulated
27
PNS effect on the lungs
a. bronchoconstriction (not as much oxygen needed at rest) b. increased secretions
28
PNS effect on adrenal glands
decrease secretions
29
PNS effect on sex organs
erection
30
PNS effect on urinary system
a. contraction of bladder b. relaxation of the internal urinary sphincter **allows for urination
31
PNS effect on the digestive system
stimulation of gastrointestinal motility, increased gastric secretions **promotes emptying of bowels
32
Neurons of the PNS exit in the:
craniosacral region a. cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X b. Sacral nerves S2, S3, S4
33
Structure of the PNS neurons:
preganglionic neurons = long preganglionic neurons = short = localized effects
34
PNS produces _____ effects
localized d/t: short post-ganglionic neurons
35
all pre-ganglionic neurons (PNS and SNS) release:
Acetylcholine
36
post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons interacting with various organs release:
Norepinephrine/ Noradrenaline
37
post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons interacting with sweat glands relase:
Acetylcholine
38
the adrenal medulla secrets:
20% norepinephrine 80% epinephrine
39
post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons interacting with various organs release:
acetylcholine
40
Synthesis of Adrenergic NTs --> Adrenaline
1. Tyrosine 2. DOPA 3. Dopamine 4. Noradrenaline 5. Adrenaline
41
Synthesis of Adrenergic NTs --> Noradrenaline
1. Tyrosine 2. DOPA 3. Dopamine 4. Noradrenaline
42
Where does the conversion of Noradrenaline into Adrenaline occur?
In the adrenal glands
43
What are Noradrenaline and Adrenaline released as? (hormone vs NT)
Noradrenaline = hormone Adrenaline = NT
44
Noradrenaline Pathway
1. Tyrosine 2. DOPA 3. Dopamine 4. Norepinephrine stored in vesicles 5. Norepinephrine released into synaptic gap
45
Action of NE when released
a. bind to A2 receptor on preganglionic neurons b. bind to A1 or B1-3 on postganglionic neurons
46
Recycling of NE (process)
undergoes reuptake at the level of the preganglionic neuron --> will be stored in vesicles for future use ** will be inactivated by MAO in neuronal space (if not in vesicles)
47
Inactivation of NE (process)
undergoes reuptake at the level of the preganglionic --> broken down (inactivated) by MAO if not in vesicles
48
Adrenergic Metabolites
VMA and MOPEG ** both urinary
49
Urinary VMA
metabolite produced from noradrenaline released in the periphery (in the body( ** high levels usually occur as a result of tumors
50
Urinary MOPEG
metabolite produced from noradrenaline released by neurons in the brain
51
Drugs Affecting Adrenergic Neurotransmission: Synthesis Inhibitors
Alpha Methyl Tyrosine --> competes with tyrosine as a precursor to NA/NE RESULT: dec NA/NE production = dec sympathetic effects
52
Drugs Affecting Adrenergic Neurotransmission: Inhibition of NE Storage
Risperidone decreases amount of NA/NE stored in vesicles after production/ reabsorption (exposed to MOA for inactivation --> less to be released RESULT: dec NA/NE stored = dec sympathetic effects
53
Drugs Affecting Adrenergic Neurotransmission: Displacement
Amphetamines displaces stored NA/NE from vesicles (amphetamines takes place in vesicles instead) --> massive efflux of NA/NE at once (too much for MOA to deactivate or to reuptake) RESULT: increased sympathetic effects
54
Drugs Affecting Adrenergic Neurotransmission: Inhibition of release
Guanethidine prevents NA/NE from being released RESULT: dec sympathetic effects
55
Drugs Affecting Adrenergic Neurotransmission: Beta-1 adrenergic antagonists
Metroprolol RESULT: blocks sympathetic effect (dec effects)
56
Drugs Affecting Adrenergic Neurotransmission: Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists
Dobutamine RESULT: increases sympathetic effect
57
Drugs Affecting Adrenergic Neurotransmission: Reuptake Inhibitors
Cocaine, Tricyclic Antidepressants forces NA/NE to remain in synaptic gap for longer by inhibiting mechanisms that cause reuptake RESULT: increased sympathetic effect
58
Drugs Affecting Adrenergic Neurotransmission: MAO Inhibitors
Pargyline Inhibits MAO, allowing reabsorbed NA/NE to be placed in vesicles to be reused rather than be inactivated RESULT: increased sympathetic effects
59
Acetylcholine Synthesis
Acetyl CoA + Choline = Acetylcholine
60
What molecule combines Acetyl CoA and Choline?
Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT)
61
What molecule breaks down Acetylcholine?
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) - choline is reabsorbed into the preganglionic neuron to be reused - acetate leaves the synaptic gap to be destroyed
62
Drugs Affecting Cholinergic Neurotransmission: Reuptake Inhibitors
Hemicholinium Prevents choline from being reabsorbed after being broken down by AChE --> decreased choline available to create new ACh Result: dec action
63
Drugs Affecting Cholinergic Neurotransmission: Storage Inhibitors
Vesamicol Formed ACh is prevented from being stored in vesicles, susceptible to being broken down by Acetylcholinesterase --> less ACh stored in vesicles to be released Result: dec action
64
Drugs Affecting Cholinergic Neurotransmission: Displacement
Latrotoxin (Black Widow Venom) 1. Initially causes stored ACh to be released so that latrotoxin can take its place in the vesicles --> initial efflux of ACh (inc effects) 2. Prevents new ACh synthesis --> dec effects RESULTS: initial increased effect, then decreased effect long term
65
Drugs Affecting Cholinergic Neurotransmission: Inhibitor of Release
Botulinum Toxin inhibit's ACh's ability to leave vesicles RESULT: decreased action
66
Drugs Affecting Cholinergic Neurotransmission: Muscarinic Receptor Agonists
Muscarine stimulates muscarinic cholinergic receptors RESULT: inc action
67
Drugs Affecting Cholinergic Neurotransmission: Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist
Atropine blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors RESULT: decreased effect
68
Drugs Affecting Cholinergic Neurotransmission: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors
Nerve Gasses inhibits enzymatic breakdown of ACh by AChE resulting in increased quantities of acetylcholine remaining in synapse RESULT: increased action
69
Cholinergic Receptor Types
Nicotinic (Nn and Nm) - located on postganglionic neurons of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems (all) - acts as receptors on skeletal muscle and adrenal medulla Muscarinic (M) - acts as receptors on smooth muscle and glands of parasympathetic system
70
Where are Nn receptors located?
all postganglionic neurons (SNS and PNS) including adrenal medulla
71
Where are Nm receptors located?
skeletal muscle
72
Where are M receptors located?
smooth muscle (PNS) and glands (SNS)
73
Adrenergic Receptor Types
Alpha and Beta Receptors - receptors on various organs of sympathetic system
74
Alpha 1 Receptors
(point and shoot) Tissue/Target + Function a. Blood Vessels (skin/ splenic)- vasoconstriction b. Internal Urinary Sphincter - contraction (close) c. Penis - ejaculation d. Piloerector muscles (hair) - contraction e. Salivary glands - thick mucoid secretions (dec salivation) f. Eye - mydriasis (dilation)
75
Alpha 2 Receptors
(negative feedback) Tissue/Target + Function a. presynaptic - inhibits NA release to dec A1 stimulation b. pancreas - dec insulin secretions c. gastrointestinal tract - dec secretion
76
Beta 1 Receptors
(1 heart + kidneys) Tissue/Target + Function a. heart - inc HR and force of contraction b. kidneys - release of renin (inc BP)
77
Beta 2 Receptors
(2 lungs - relaxation/ dilation, metabolic effects) Tissue/Target + Function a. lungs - relaxation of the bronchi = bronchodilation b. uterus, bladder - relaxation c. blood vessels (skeletal/ coronaries) - dilation d. liver + skeletal muscle - glycogenolysis/ gluconeogenesis e. pancreas - increased insulin secretion f. GI tract - decreased motility, dec secretions
78
Beta 3 Receptors
(relaxation + metabolic effects) Tissue/Target + Function a. adipose tissue - lipolysis b. bladder (detrusor) - relaxation
79
Nicotinic Neuronal (Nn) Receptors
a. SNS/ PNS postganglionic neurons - stimulation leads to increased signaling in both systems b. adrenaline glands - epi and norepi released as hormones in bloodstream (4:1 ratio)
80
Nicotinic Muscular (Nm) Receptors
skeletal muscles - contraction
81
Muscarinic M1, M4, M5 Receptors
brain - effects according to neuronal pathway
82
Muscarinic M2 Receptors
heart muscle - decreased HR + force of contraction (atria)
83
Muscarinic M3 Receptors
a. smooth muscle, glands - stimulation of parasympathetic effects (inc secretions, contractions) b. eyes - miosis + accommodation c. sweat glands - stimulation of diaphoresis
84
What system stimulates sweat glands?
Muscarinic receptors (ACh) stimulated by SNS

PHA3112 - pharmacology (7 decks)

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