Autonomic NS

Question 1

T/F- Voluntary (striated) muscle also has autonomic innervation

Answer 1

False- they dont

Question 2

What are the cellular targets of autonomic nerves?

Answer 2

Smooth an cardiac muscle, epithelial transport of ions, hormone and mucuous secretion, metabolism, immune cells

Question 3

With the endocrine system- the ANS is essential for?

Answer 3

Homeostasis and allostasis ( maintaining balanced system with environment)

Question 4

what are three components of ANS?

Answer 4

Sympathetic, PNS, ENS

Question 5

T/F- SNS and PNS have components in both CNS and PNS

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Can ENS function without CNS? Can it be influenced by SNS and PNS

Answer 6

Yes- it is entirely within gastrointestinal tract and can be influenced

Question 7

Sympathetic preganglion axon is close to ____ and ___ in lenght whereas the post ganglionic axon is ____

A) brainstem, short, long
B) brainstem, long, short
C) spinal cord, short, long
D) spinal cord, long, short

Answer 7

C) spinal cord, short, long

Question 8

Parasympathetic preganglion axon is ___ in lenght whereas the post ganglionic axon is ____

A) short, long
B) long, short

Answer 8

B) preganglionic axon is long, post ganglionic is short

Question 9

Sympathetic pre-ganglionic axon releases ______ and has _____ receptors at the post ganglionic axon. The post-ganglionic axon releases ______ and has ____ receptors at target tissues.

A) Ach, muscuranic, nictonic, adrenaline
B) Noradrenaline, nicotininc, Noradrenaline, muscuranic
C) Noradrenaline, muscuranic, nicotinic, Ach
D) Ach, nictonic, Noradrenaline, muscuranic

Answer 9

D) Ach, nictonic, Noradrenaline, muscuranic

Question 10

Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axon releases ______ and has _____ receptors at the post ganglionic axon. The post-ganglionic axon releases ______ and has ____ receptors at target tissues.

A) Ach, muscuranic, nictonic, adrenaline
B) Noradrenaline, nicotininc, Noradrenaline, muscuranic
C) Noradrenaline, muscuranic, Ach, nicotinic
D) Ach, nictonic, Ach, muscuranic

Answer 10

D) Ach, nictonic, Ach, muscuranic

Question 11

What is co-transmission?

Answer 11

when more than 1 neurotransmitter be released from a synapse

Question 12

Symapthetic innervation is _______ whereas PNS innervation is ______

A) thoraco-lumbar, cranio-sacral
B) cranio-sacral, thoraco-lumbar
C) cranio-lumbar, thoraco-sacro
D) thoraco-sacro, cranio-lumbar

Answer 12

A) thoraco-lumbar, cranio-sacral

Question 13

Pre-ganglionic axons project via _____ nerves

A) Spinal
B) cranial
C) CNS
D) PNS

Answer 13

A) spinal

Question 14

What are the two types of sympathetic ganglia?

Answer 14

Paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic chain) and prevertebral ganglia (mesenteric chain)

Question 15

T/F- Sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons innervate the adrenal medulla. If true, what does this mean?

Answer 15

True- if activated, adrenal cells secrete adrenaline and NA into circulation, having widespread effects

Question 16

If adrenal medullar nerves are activated, what hormones are spread in bloodstream?

A) steroid hormones
B) catecholamine hormones
C) sexual hormones

Answer 16

B) catecholamine

Question 17

T/F-In the sympathetic NS, The CNS cannot activate more than one preganglionic pathways at once

Answer 17

False- CNS activates many preganglionic pathways at once

Question 18

T/F- Some pre-ganglionic neurons in SNS have many axons collaterals so can activate many postganglionic neurons at once

Answer 18

True

Question 19

T/F- SNS is essential for normal living (eg. blood pressure adjustments)

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Preganglionic neurons of PNS are in 2 sites. Where are they?

Answer 20

brainstem nuclei and sacral spinal cord

Question 21

Where are the 3 nucleus’s in brainstem which house preganglionic neurons and where do they go to?

Answer 21

Edinger-Westphal nucleus (goes to ciliary ganglion), salivatory nucleus (submandibular, spheno-palantine and otic ganglia), dorsal motor nucleus of vagus and nucleus ambiguus (to unnamed microganglia)

Question 22

Pre-ganglionic axons in brainstem project via ______ nerves

Answer 22

cranial

Question 23

Pre-ganglionic axons in d sacral spinal cord project via ______ nerves

Answer 23

spinal

Question 24

where do sacral postganglionic neurons lie?

Answer 24

pelvic plexus

Question 25

T/F- T/F- Some pre-ganglionic neurons in PNS have many axons collaterals so can activate many postganglionic neurons at once.

Answer 25

False- they dont

Question 26

T/F- PNS can be activated under many situations, not just rest/digest

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What part in the medualla recieves sensory input that provide various info about various tissues and environment?

Answer 27

caudal part of nucleus of solitary tract

Question 28

Nucleus of solitary tract is a major integrative centre for autonomic function. Why?

Answer 28

sensory input that provide various info about various tissues and environment

Question 29

Once information goes to the Nucleus of solitary tract, where is the information distributed to?

Answer 29

1) Preganglionic neurons- provide feedback to reflexes that control organ/tissue function 2) Medial and ventral forebrain- provide info to higher centres to drive more complexes

Question 30

What is the role of hypothalamus as the central coordination of autonomic output?

Answer 30

1) recieves sensory inputs 2) hormonal signals 3) compares situations to set points, then adjusts behaviour, autonomic and endocrine function

Question 31

What are the primary issues of a spinal cord injury?

Answer 31

Partial or complete loss of ascending/descending connections w/ brain, so cant sense or respond properly to changes in environment

Question 32

What are secondary issues or a spinal cord injury?

Answer 32

spinal and peripheral nerve circuits can remodel or degenerate. Unregulated organs can go change, including altered trophic signalling to peripheral nerves.

Question 33

When does autonomic dysreflexia occur?

Answer 33

when spinal injury or at above spinal level T6. Can lead to bladder distension, urinary tract infection, nocioceptor activity

Question 34

A major role of ANs and higher CNS centres during bladder dysfunction is to coordinate _______

Answer 34

determine state of external urethral sphincter

Question 35

How is the neurobiology of visceral sensory neurons different to somatic neurons?

Answer 35

1) most visceral sensory activity is not perceieved 2) visceral sensory activity can elicit unique sensation 3) visceral pain is perecieved as diffuse and imprecisely localised 4) visceral nocioceptors have much more extensive branching of their peripptors rheral and central

Question 36

T/F- in organs, nocioceptors respond to diverse stimuli

Answer 36

True

Question 37

What is bioelectronic medicine, the aim of bioelectronic medicine and whats a major challenge?

Answer 37

its swapping drugs for devices aim- activate or reduce activity of neural pathway of choice challenge- in many peripheral nerves, sensory and autonomic axons are intermingled