Autonomics

Question 1

name the nerves that provide sensory innervation to the following areas:

(a) upper eyelid, cornea, conjunctiva and skin on majority of nose
(b) lower eyelid, maxilla, ala of nose and upper lip
(c) skin over mandible and TMJ - apart from edge of mandible

Answer 1

(a) upper eyelid, cornea, conjunctiva and skin on majority of nose - CN V1
(b) lower eyelid, maxilla, ala of nose and upper lip - CN V2
(c) skin over mandible and TMJ - apart from edge of mandible - CN V3

Question 2

name the nerves responsible for the blink reflex

Answer 2

sensory afferent limb: CN V1

motor efferent limb: CN VII

Question 3

what level do sympathetic axons leave the spinal cord?

Answer 3

T1-L2

Question 4

sympathetic axons pass into ____________ nerves to eventually supply organs

Answer 4

sympathetic axons pass into SPLANCHNIC nerves to eventually supply organs

Question 5

name the important ganglion related to the eye

Answer 5

superior cervical sympathetic ganglion - SCSG

Question 6

outline the route of the sympathetic nerves from the CNS to the orbit

Answer 6

exit in T1 spinal nerve
ascend sympathetic trunk
synapse in SCSG
enter internal and external carotid nerves
pass onto surface of internal and external carotid arteries
ophthalmic artery carries to the orbit

Question 7

name the cranial nerves that parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via

Answer 7

CN III, VII, IX and X

also sacral spinal nerves

Question 8

name the 3 important structures of the face that have parasympathetic innervation

Answer 8

eye
lacrimal gland
salivary glands

Question 9

where does CN III bonnet with the CNS?

Answer 9

junction between midline and pons

Question 10

what and where does CN III pass and exit through/via?

Answer 10

passes through cavernous sinus and exits via superior orbital fissure

Question 11

name the muscles that CN III supply

Answer 11

SR - superior division
MR - inferior divison
IR - inferior divison
IO - inferior divison
LPS - superior divison

Question 12

what nerves control diameter of iris and refractive shape of lens?

Answer 12

ciliary nerves

Question 13

long ciliary nerves contain ___________ and somatic sensory whereas short ciliary nerves contain __________ and ______________ fibres

Answer 13

long ciliary nerves contain SYMPATHETIC and somatic sensory whereas short ciliary nerves contain SYMPATHETIC and PARASYMPATHETIC fibres

Question 14

short or long ciliary nerves form the first part of the blink reflex?

Answer 14

LONG ciliary nerves

Question 15

opens eye wider

sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 15

sympathetic

Question 16

focuses on near objects

sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 16

parasympathetic

Question 17

get more light into eyes

sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 17

sympathetic

Question 18

focus on far objects

sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 18

sympathetic

Question 19

reflex lacrimation

Answer 19

parasympathetic

Question 20

allow orbiculares oculi to work

Answer 20

parasympathetic

Question 21

get less light in

sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 21

parasympathetic

Question 22

emotional lacrimation

sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 22

sympathetic

Question 23

what muscle contains both skeletal and smooth muscle in the orbit?

Answer 23

levator palpebrae superioris

Question 24

a non-physiologically enlarged pupil is called a __________ pupil

Answer 24

a non-physiologically enlarged pupil is called a MYDRIATIC pupil

Question 25

name the fibres which are radially arranged to dilate the pupil

Answer 25

dilator pupillae

Question 26

a non-physiologically constricted pupil is called a ______ pupil

Answer 26

a non-physiologically constricted pupil is called a MIOTIC pupil

Question 27

which class of drugs causes a fixed pin point pupil?

Answer 27

opiate drugs

Question 28

pathology of which nerve causes a fixed dilated pupil

Answer 28

CN III

Question 29

name the fibres which encircle the pupil to contract the pupil

Answer 29

sphincter pupillae

Question 30

the pupillary light reflex involves a _ neurone chain

Answer 30

the pupillary light reflex involves a 4 neurone chain

Question 31

what do the suspensory ligaments of the lens connect?

Answer 31

lens circumference and the ciliary body

Question 32

what happens to the following in far vision: (a) ciliary body (b) ligament (c) lens

Answer 32

far vision: (a) ciliary body - relaxes (b) ligament - tightens (c) lens - flattens

Question 33

what happens to the following in near vision: (a) ciliary body (b) ligament (c) lens

Answer 33

near vision: (a) ciliary body - contracts (b) ligament - relaxes (c) lens - spherical

Question 34

what nerve is important in the accommodation reflex?

Answer 34

CN III

Question 35

what 3 things happen in accommodation from looking far to near?

Answer 35

1. pupils constrict 2. eyes converge - medial rotation 3. lens relax

Question 36

name the 3 types of tear

Answer 36

basal reflex emotional

Question 37

name the 4 symptoms of horners syndrome

Answer 37

miosis ptosis anhydrosis increased warmth and redness

Question 38

what causes horners syndrome?

Answer 38

impaired sympathetic innervation to the head and neck

Question 39

what are the causes of compression to the cervical parts of the sympathetic trunk?

Answer 39

``` trauma carotid dissection IJV engorgement deep cervical node metastases pancoast tumour ```

Question 40

reflex tears occur when?

Answer 40

mechanical or chemical stimulation