Pharmacology

Question 1

topical drugs of the eye require _______ penetration

Answer 1

topical drugs of the eye require CORNEAL penetration

Question 2

look at the cornea as a _____:_____:_____ sandwich

Answer 2

look at the cornea as a LIPID:WATER:LIPID sandwich

Question 3

corneal penetration is good for ___ drugs

Answer 3

corneal penetration is good for LMW drugs

Question 4

the epithelium is lipophilic/hydrophilic and and the storm is lipophilic/hydrophilic

Answer 4

epithelium = lipophilic

stroma = hydrophilic

Question 5

_____ soluble drugs penetrate the epithelium

_____ soluble drugs penetrate the stroma

Answer 5

LIPID soluble drugs penetrate the epithelium

WATER soluble drugs penetrate the stroma

Question 6

name the antibiotic that has both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties and can penetrate the cornea easily

Answer 6

Chloramphenicol

Question 7

hydrophilic/phobic drugs are limited by the epithelium

hydrophilic/phobic drugs are limited by the stroma

Answer 7

HYDROPHILIC drugs are limited by the epithelium

HYDROPHOBIC drugs are limited by the stroma

Question 8

what drugs have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic capability?

Answer 8

topical steroids

Question 9

the addition of what makes a steroid more hydrophobic?

Answer 9

alcohol or acetate

Question 10

the addition of what makes a steroid more hydrophilic?

Answer 10

phosphate

Question 11

prednisolone _______ is hydro______ and so has ____ penetration in an __________ cornea and is used post-operatively (cataracts)

Answer 11

prednisolone ACETATE is hydroPHOBIC and so has GOOD penetration in an UNINFLAMED cornea and is used post-operatively (cataracts)

Question 12

prednisolone _______ is hydro______ and so has ____ penetration in an __________ cornea and is used for ______ disease

Answer 12

prednisolone PHOSPHATE is hydroPHILIC and so has POOR penetration in an UNINFLAMED cornea and is used for DORNEA disease

Question 13

what is benzalkonium added to eye drops for?

Answer 13

keep the bottle sterile and enhances corneal penetration

Question 14

benzalkonium is a ____________

Answer 14

benzalkonium is a PRESERVATIVE

Question 15

name 4 other routes of administration related to the eye

Answer 15

subconjunctival
subtenons
intravitreal
intracameral

first 2 for steroids in uveitis

Question 16

name 2 drugs used to treat infection of the eye

Answer 16

chloramphenical

zovirax

Question 17

name 2 drugs used to treat inflammation of the eye

Answer 17

predsol-N
maxidex - dexamethasone

steroids
topical NSAIDs
anti-histamines
mast cell stabilisers

Question 18

steroids are used to suppress ____________ and immune _________

Answer 18

steroids are used to suppress INFLAMMATION and immune RESPONSES

Question 19

steroids are used topically in:

(a) post op _________
(b) ?
(c) prevent _______ _____ _________

Answer 19

steroids are used topically in:

(a) post op CATARACTS
(b) UVEITIS
(c) prevent CORNEAL GRAFT REJECTION

Question 20

drug used to treat someone with temporal arteritis

Answer 20

high dose corticosteroid such as prednisolone

Question 21

list the local and systemic side effects of steroids

Answer 21

local:

cataract
glaucoma
exacerbation of viral infection

systemic:

gastric ulceration
immunosuppression
osteoporosis
weight gain (moon face)
diabetes...

Question 22

what drug is good for pain relief in post refractive laser if local anaesthetic cannot be used?

Answer 22

NSAIDs

Question 23

define glaucoma

Answer 23

a group of diseases characterised by a progressive optic neuropathy resulting in characteristic fields defects

Question 24

what is the only current modifiable risk factor in glaucoma?

Answer 24

raised IOP

Question 25

name the 5 types of glaucoma medication

Answer 25

1. prostanoids - latanoprost 2. beta blockers 3. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - dorzolamide 4. alpha2 adrenergic agonists - brimonidine 5. parasympathomimetic - pilocarpine

Question 26

for each of the following glaucoma medications, name whether they 'open the drain' or whether they 'turn off the tap': 1. prostanoids - latanoprost 2. beta blockers 3. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - dorzolamide 4. alpha2 adrenergic agonists - brimonidine 5. parasympathomimetic - pilocarpine

Answer 26

1. prostanoids - latanoprost - OTD 2. beta blockers - TOT 3. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - dorzolamide - TOT 4. alpha2 adrenergic agonists - brimonidine TOT AND OTD 5. parasympathomimetic - pilocarpine - OTD

Question 27

what are intravitreal injections used for?

Answer 27

1. antibiotics in endophthalmitis 2. intra-ocular steroids 3. anti-VEGF in wet ARMD

Question 28

pus at the bottom of the cornea is called what? what is it seen in?

Answer 28

hypopyon endopthalmitis

Question 29

what diagnostic dye is used in corneal abrasion? what else is it used in?

Answer 29

fluorescein ``` dendritic ulcer nasolacrimal duct obstruction tonometry angiography identify leaks ```

Question 30

what is tropicamide and cyclopentolate?

Answer 30

mydriatics - block parasympathetics so causes pupil dilation

Question 31

sudden onset of high IOP with vomiting diagnosis?

Answer 31

closed angled glaucoma

Question 32

what do sympathomimetics do?

Answer 32

dilate the pupil some cause cycloplegia - atropine

Question 33

what do you not give to herpetic keratitis?

Answer 33

steroids!

Question 34

what important drug constricts fields?

Answer 34

vigabatrin

Question 35

what drug can cause cataract?

Answer 35

steroids

Question 36

what drug can cause optic neuropathy?

Answer 36

ethambutol - for TB

Question 37

what drug can cause a vortex myopathy?

Answer 37

amiodarone

Question 38

what drug can cause maculopathy?

Answer 38

chloroquine

Question 39

remember some people may be ________ to eye drops

Answer 39

remember some people may be ALLERGIC to eye drops

Question 40

define cycloplegia

Answer 40

paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye