Avian and exotic Flashcards
found here: https://quizlet.com/209659507/avian-and-exotic-flash-cards/ (458 cards)
1
Q
which birds can be infected by histomonas, and what is the vecor
A
galliform birds, heterakis gallinae worms
2
Q
clinical signs of histomonis
A
black head in males, yellowish foamy diarrheoa
3
Q
therapy of histomonosis
A
klion
4
Q
which birds suffer from lymphoma
A
canaries and parrots
5
Q
causative agent of lymphoma
A
retroviridae
6
Q
non-infectious agents causing serous nasal discharge in birds
A
pollen, dust, smoke and fungal spores
7
Q
infectious agents causing serous nasal discharge in birds
A
viruse; paramyxovirus
bacteria; mycoplasma and chlamydophiloa
8
Q
what is the cause of purulent nasal discharge in birds
A
secondary bacterial infections
9
Q
which species causes mycoplasmosis of exotic pheasents
A
mycoplasma gallisepticum
10
Q
is mycoplasma species resistna tor sensitive
A
sensitive (virulent for max 1-2 days)
11
Q
how can you treat mycoplasmosis in birds
A
nutritional; viatmins, protein and probiotics
antibiotic; enrofloxacin
12
Q
what is the causative of amazon tracheitis
A
parrot herpesvirus 2 and 3
chicken also sensitive
13
Q
clinical symptoms of amazon trachitis
A
lethargy, loss of apetits
respiratory; dyspnoea and nasal discharge
conjunctivitis in peracute cases
14
Q
how can you treat amazon tracheitis
A
change the cage place
treat secondary bacterial infections with anitbiotic and vitamins
inhalational therapy
15
Q
causative and clinical symptoms of paramyxovirus infection in canaries
A
PMV-1, conjuncitvitis, specific noises at respiration, sneezing, shaking the head
16
Q
which part of the respiratory tract of birds is common for poxvirus, mycobacterium avium and trichomoas and what is the treatment
A
trachea
clean the bird house and cages and giver ivermectin
17
Q
what is the causative agent of syngamus infection of pheasants and what is the intermediate host
A
syngamus tracheae
ring worms
18
Q
diagnosis and therapy of syngamus infection in pheasants
A
fecal/larval examination
mebendazol or fenbendazol
19
Q
which bacteria are likely to cause changes in the bird lung
A
tuberculosis
E.coli
20
Q
which stains are good for differential diagnoiss of bacterial infections in the bird lung
A
grocott, HE, PAS, ZN
21
Q
what are the causative of serous, purulent and chronic fibrinous airsacculitis in birds
A
serou; virus, mycoplasma
purulent; bacteria
chronic fibrinous; bacteria, fungi
22
Q
what is the causative agent of infectous disease of the pericardial sac in birds
A
microfilaria
23
Q
which pathogens can cause bleeding in the pericardium
A
bacteria; pasteurella multocida, E. rhusiopathieae, E.coli
viral; bird flu
24
Q
which bird is very sensitive to nephritis virus
A
tragopans
25
what is the caustative of kidney coccidiosis in young geese
E. truncata
26
which bacteria can cause inflammation of the testis in birds
salmonella species; necrotic inflammation
mycobacteria; tubercles in testis
27
which birds are more likely to suffer from infectious disease in the copulatory organs
ducks and geese, due to bad keeping
28
do chelonians (turtle) have a diaphragm
no
29
what does the term poikilotherm mean
cold blooded
30
what is the optimal enviromental temp for reptile
22-27°C
31
how many phases of shedding can be differntiated in snakes
5
32
what is common cause of sheeding problems
keeping
33
is biggger always better when it comes to the size of the terrarium
no
34
how many hours light is necessary each day
8-10
35
in case of tropical spp of reptiles, how much humidity do they need
90%
36
what kind of terrarium type do you have concerning habitats
rain forest,
savannah
mediterranean
desert
37
what kind of terrarium type do you have concerning way of living
higher style
flat style
aqua-terrarium
38
which reptiles are considered herbivourous
testudinae and green iguanna
39
which reptile are considered carnivorous
snake, sweet water turtle and monitors
40
which reptiles are considered omnivorous
some geckos and agama
41
what are the positions for x-ray in soft shelled turtle
DV, LL, carinio-caudal
42
which site can be used for blood sampling in a chelonian
sub-carpaxial sinus
dorsal coccygeal vein
vena jugularis
43
which site can be used for blood sampling in lizards
ventral coccygeal vein, heart,
| abdominal veins
44
which sites can be used for blood sampling in snake
ventral coccygeal vein, heart and vena palatina
45
what can be consequence of too high humifity
dermatitis
46
what can be consequence of too low humidity
shedding problems
47
poxvirus dermatitis is common in which spp.
kaiman, green iguanna and sceloporus spp
48
what are the clinical signs of poxvirus dermatits
small brownish papules, localistaion
49
what are the most common tick infection of reptile
ophinonyssus natricis
50
what are the clinical signs of ophinonysussus natricis infection
anaemia, shedding problems
51
what is the correct therapy if suspecting ophinonyssus natricis infections
ivermectin
| frontline
52
shell diseases is most common in which type of chelonian
more common in aquatic than tortoises
53
in what repitles do you most commonly find stomatitis
snakes and larger lizards, venomous snakes especially
54
how does stomatisis look like
yellow fibrin layer, under the fibrin you find bleeding mucosa
55
treatment of stomatits
change keeping environment and remove fibrin layer
| enrofloxacin 4mg/kg for 4-5 days and vit-c injection every day
56
which animals are commonly affected by hypertrophic gastritis
snakes and geckos
57
what pathogen causes hypertrophic gastritis in reptiles
cryptosporidium serpentis
58
what are the clinical signs of hypertrophic gastritis in snakes
weight loss, good appetite but vomiting, water like smelly diarrhoea
59
what are the clinical sings of hypertrophic gastritis in geckos
weight loss and refusal to eat
60
treatment for hypertrophic gastris
spiramycin, 160mg/kg for 7 days, repeat 2 weeks later
61
how to prevent hyptertropic gastritis
better hygiene
62
what are the causative agents for acute mucoid enterocolities
parvo and adenovirus, proteus and shigella
63
what are the causative agents for necrotic enterocolities
entamoeba invadens, trichomonas and hexamita spp
64
what is the pathogen causing ulcerative enteriits
kalicephalus spp
65
which spp are highly susceptible to enteritis caused by entamoeba
herbivorous reptiles,
| carnivorous spp
66
what are the clinical signs of entamoeba enteritis
loss of appetite, diarrhoea and lethargy
67
what are the different forms of viral pneumonia
acute respiratory; wide breath with open mouth and sneezing
chronic respiratory; pneumonia
CNS; incoordinatino, asymptomatic form; virus carrier
68
what pathological lesion do you find in viral pneumonia
catarrhal or purulent pneumonia
69
what is the treatment for viral pneumonia
antibiotics with vitamin C
70
fungal pneumonia; susceptible spp and predisposing factors
all reptiles
high humidity helps overgrowth
71
which snake spp are sensitive to parasitic pneumonia
all snakes are sensitive
72
what is the causative agent of pneumonia verminosa
rhabdias spp
73
routes of infection of pneumonia verminosa
contaminated feed
| per cutaneous
74
contaminated feed
| per cutaneous
Invermectin injection
75
how to perform a blood examination
collect blood, serology, blood smear stained with giemsa
76
which repitle spp are susceptible to nephritis
all
77
most common causative agent for nephritis
bacteria
78
type of nephritis found in reptile
purulent nephritis
79
what is the treatment for egg myasis
infertile egg should be removed from hatchery, healthy should be transferred to clean medium and hatchery must be cleaned
80
in which spp is it common to see post-hibernati anorexia
snakes and turtles
81
diseases which are related to hibernation inculse
mechanical damage
post-hibernation anorexia
post-hibernation icterus
septicaemia
82
which antibiotic is not to be given PO to reptiles
gentamycin
83
which is a very good antibiotic to use with wide spectrum and low resistance
enrofloxacin
84
which antibiotic is higly oto and neprhotoxic
gentamycin
85
for how long should you keep treating reptiles with amphotericin B
2 weeks
86
how often should you use grisofulvin
every 3rd day
87
which disase is nystatin highly effective against
eneral mycotic inefctions
88
which fungi is amphotericin B highly effective against
aspergillus
89
what diseases do you use metroindazole for in reptiles
entamoeba and ciliated infections
90
which spp should never get ivermectin
turtles
91
colour of reptile skin depends on several factors
```
genetic,
condition
season
age
reproduction status
```
92
darker skin colour may be due to what
stress
illness
physiological accomodation
93
in which animals is it physiological to have tattered shedding
lizards, boid (BOA) snakes
94
in which spp is is pathological to have tattered shedding
colubrid snakes
95
what types of dermatitis is found in reptiles
necrotic,
ulcerative,
ventral dermal necrosis
nodular
96
what are the symptoms of scale rot
brownish scales and abcesses
97
what are common neoplasms in reptiles
papillomatosis
carcnioma
melanoma
98
what are the clinical signs of Vit-a hypovitaminosis
swollen eyelids
| hyper and parakeratosis
99
what is a non-infectous causes of stomatitis
uric acid excretion
100
in what cases is liver lipidosis physiological in reptiles
under gravidty
after hibernation
before 1st shedding
101
under which circumstances is it physiological for reptiles to refuse feed
hibernation
gravidity
breeding season
before shedding
102
what are the reasons for post hibernation anorexia in reptiles
dehydration
103
what is the therapy for post hibernation anorexia
re-hydration by swimming in lukewarm water
104
common tumours in lunngs of tortoises
fibroma and fibrosarcoma
105
common tumors in lungs of snakes
adenocarcinoma
106
what is the reason for atelectatic lung in reptiles
overconditioning
107
what are the predisposing factor for pregnancy tozaemia
young female,
big litter
no resting time
malnutrition
108
what is the treatment if you have suspected prenancy toxaemia
warm fluid
energy support
shock therapy
109
what are the most common pathogens causing mastitis
pasteurella
| staphylococcus and streptococcus spp
110
clinical signs of mastitis
swollen warm
| painful mammary glands
111
therapy in case of suspected mastitis
antibiotic
NSAID
fluid therapy
hot packs
112
what is the most common mammary tumours
adenocarcinoma
113
clinical findings in case of mammary tumor
Ln-homogenous palpation
| not swollen or painful
114
what is the treatment of mammary gland tumour
mammectomy of OHE
115
in which animal is paraphimosis common
chincillas
116
encephalotozoonosis is found in what spp and caused by what pathogen
rabbit,
E. cuniculi
117
where are the spores of encephalitozoon expelled
urine
118
what is the infection route of encephalitozoon
per os
| aerogenous
119
what are the symptoms in a rabbit with encephalitozoon infection
```
head tilt,
behavioral changes,
nystagmus,
seizure,
interstitial nephritis and renal failure
PD/PU
```
120
treatment of encephalitozoon infections
dexamethason
chlroamphenicol
oxibendazole
diasepam
121
is encephalitozoon infections xoonotic
yes
122
lymphocytic choriomeningitis affect who?
all rodents, especially mouse and hamster
123
what are the 4 different form of lymphocytic choriomenigitis and their CS
cerevral; abnormal posture, tremor, tonic/clonic seizures and death
visceral; conjuctivitis, ascites and lethargy
Late;9-12 months after natal or prenatal infection, lethargy asscite and proteinuria
vestigial; abnoramal development and death
124
what is the pathogen causing LCM
arenavirus
125
what are the clinical sings of trauma or stroke in rodents/ rabbits
head tilt and CNS
126
what is the preferred treatment of stroke
glucocorticoids, B-vitamin supplement
127
what are the symptoms of heat stroke in rabbits and rodents
bad general status, seizures, dyspnoea, warm body
128
treatment when suspecting heat stroke
cooling body
shock therapy
diuretics and oxygen
129
hind-limb weakness, cause and treatment
spinal cord injury
glucocorticois, B-vits, euthanasia
130
DM affects which spp in particular
degu
131
lymphoma is common in which
guinea pigs
| rabbits
132
lymphoma in guinea pigs caused by
retrovirus
133
what disease are related to obesity
pododermatits, hypercalcuria, incontinentia, dermatitis, hepatic lipidosis, dysochia, joint problems, spinal problems
134
to which family does the ferret belon
mustellidae
135
what are the uses of ferrets
```
rodent control
hunting
pelt
biomedical research
cable transport
sports, companion
```
136
what is the body weight of a ferret
1. 5-2 kg in males
| 0. 6-1 kg in females
137
how long do ferrets live
7-9 years
138
when is a ferret matuee
6-12 months
139
how long is the gestating period of ferrets and when are they weaned
41-43 days
weaned after 6-8weeks
140
ferrets body temp
38-39.5
141
what can you say about the digestive tract of ferrets
big dilating stomach very short GI tract, carnivorous, lots of prey, GI parastisim is rare
142
how can the diet help prevent or treat hypocalcuria
more veg, grass/hay and fresh water, less seeds and timothy based pellets
143
CRF is common at what age
old age
144
ovarian cysts are common in which specis are what age
guinea pig after 1.5 year
145
diagnosis of ovarian cyst
palpation, found behind kidney, round shape US
146
treatment of ovarian cyst
ovarian hysterectomy
147
in which animal is endometrirts and uterine tumours common
rabbits
148
pyometrea in rabbits is caused by what pathogen
pasturella multocida
staphyloccous aureus
149
how do you prevent adenocarcinoma in rabbits
spay before 2 years
150
dystochia is common in which
guinea pigs
151
what is the cause of dystochia in guinea pigs
large foetuses, permanent fuse of symphisis, and abnormal position of foetus
152
treatment of dystocia
Ca and oxytocin
C. section
OHE,
manual removal of foetus
153
how to prevent dystochia
don't breed until 6 months,
separate sexes at 3-4 weeks
symphysis fusion occurs at 1-1.5 years
resting time 1 month
154
pregnancy toxaemia is especially important in which spp
guinea pig
| chinchillas and rabbits
155
what is the time period you should expect pregnancy toxaemia
2 weeks of pregnancy and 1 week after delivery
156
which spp are prone to Vit b1 deficiency
water snakes
157
CS of vit B1 deficiency
moving disorders
158
parts of the carpax
nuchal,
neualia
costalia
marginalia
159
what are the parts of the pasltrom
```
gularia,
humeralia
pectoralia
abdominalia
femoralia
analia
```
160
what type of blood tubes should you use in reptiles
Li-heparin
161
what may be the reason for tattered shedding
```
low humidty
high temp
absence of rubbing material
absence of water
ophinonyssus natricis
```
162
CS of tattered shedding
old skin remains
nervousness
feed refusal
163
what is the appropriate therapy for tattered shedding
swimming water
164
what may be the cause of failed shedding
too low or high temp
165
what may be the cause of shortened shedding cycle
damage of skin
too high thyroxixn
high temp
166
which spp are referred to as large agamas
iguana iguana
barbed dragons
water agamas
167
what may be the cuase of rostral skin damage in large agamas
too small terrarium
too many adult males
bad enviroment
168
what is the correct therapy for rostal skin damage
change of keeping
| antibiotic
169
what may be the cause if you see scarring of skin
prey bite
fighting
fixing bite during copulation
170
what may be the reason for generalized edema in reptiles
heart or kidney failure
171
what is another name for ventral dermal necrosis
scale rot
172
how to prevent egg myiasis
clean hatchery
173
why does mycosis happen in eggs
inappropriate hatching medium
174
what happens if you use peat as hatching medium
no mildew
175
what happens if you use peril as hatching medium
mould may occur
176
how to treat mycosis in eggs
dust affected area with activated carbon
177
in which spp does encephalitis occur
snakes
178
what are the causative agenst for encephalitis in snakes
paramyxovirus,
systemic mycosis
tophus
179
in which spp is internal ear inflammation common
turtles
180
what is internal ear inflammation caused by
bacterial infections
181
what is the symptom of internal ear infection
lateral part of head is enlarged
182
how to threat internal ear inflammation
surgery and antibiotics
183
when is it physiolgocal to have opal discolouration of the eyes in snakes
during shedding
184
what is the causative agent if you have chronic eye infections
mite infection
185
what are the reasons for developing ceratopathy
post-hibernation ceratopahy
lipidosis
erosion
186
what is the proposed therapy for entamoeba enteritis
metronidasol, 250 mg/kg every 2nd day
high temp
vitamin inj
antibiotic
187
how to prevent entamoeba enteritis
separate carnivorous snakes and lizards from herbivorous tortoises
188
what is the aetiology behind disciliasis of snakes
too low temperatue under the digestion
189
causative agent for acute purulent like hepatitis
bacteria
190
chronic hepatitis with tubercle formation is caused by what pathogen
mycobacterium
fungi
alga
191
nodular hepatitis is caused by what type of parasite
capillaria
| larvae migrans viscellaris
192
what types of hepatitis are found in reptiles
acute purulent, necrotic, chronic with tubercle formation,
| nodular hepatitis
193
what are the most common virus causing hepatitis
iridovirus
herpesvirus
adenovirus
194
rhinitis and sinusitis most commonly affects which reptile
terrestrail tortoises
195
causes for rhinitis and sinusties
virus; herpesvirus and irisovirus
allergic, non infectious
intestinal parasitosis
fungi spore
196
clinical signs for sinusitis and rhinitis
serous to purulent discharge
197
which snake types are sensitive to viral pneumonia
venomous and colubrid
198
causative agent for viral pneumoina is snakes
paramyxovirus
199
what are the most common surgical procedures in rodents and rabbits
explorative laparotomy, excision of neoplasms, ovary-hysterectomy, exstripatio bulbi-cystotomy
200
what is the maintenice volume of isofluran
2-2.5%
201
what is the introduciton volume of isoflurane
4-5%
202
dosages of painkillers intra and post op
butorphanol; 3mg/kg
fflunixin; 1-10mg/kg
ketoprofen; 5-10mg/kg
203
what is the spp causing interstinal coccidiosis in guinea pigs
eimeria caviae
204
what are the causative agenst for aloopecia and puritis
husbandry problems
205
what can be causative agents for dermatitis
fungi
bacterial
parasites
allergic
206
CS of flea dermatitis
discomfort
puritis
fur and skin problems
207
CS of licer dermatitis
puritis and nervous animal
208
example of common mites causing dermatitis
Gyropus ovali,
chirodiscoides caviae
trixacarus caviae
209
which animals commonly have problems with marking glands
hasmters and gerbils
210
which animals get ateroma
guinea pigs
211
what is a good diet in case of malnutrition status in an animal
good quality commercial food, apples, good quality hay
212
what may be the cause of malocclusion
teeth growing in wrong direction, incomplete wear, prognatha inferior, trauma, malnutrition
213
what may be the symptoms of malocclusion
anorexia due to pain
increased salivaiton, causing moist dermatitis
injury and ulveration
214
what can you use to examine teeth in rodents
vaginal speculum
| otoscope
215
which animals primarily get cheeck pouch impaction
hamsters
216
how do you recognise cheek pouch impaction
hard, unhomogenus swelling of cheek
217
symptoms of zootrichobezoar
anorexia, unable to eat enough
| weight loss
218
treatment for zootrichobezoar
intensive fluid therapy,
laxatives
GI motility stimulators
Enzyme extract or fresh pinapple juice
219
etiology of constipation
low excercise
causing atonia
malnutrition or lack of fresh water
abdominal mass
220
which antibiotic may you give Per os without any complications
fluroquinolones
sulphonamides
chloramphenicol
metronidal
221
what is the treatment for giardia infection
metronidazol
| fenbendazole
222
mucoid enteritis is seen in what animal and what age groups
rabbits
7-14 weeks of age
223
symptoms of mucoid enteritis includes
```
lethargy,
anorexia,
tympani,
abdominal pain,
mucoid like feaces,
chronic; no defecation
```
224
what is the treatment when confirmed mucoid enteritits
force feeding with baby food + fiber
probiotics
GI motitility stimulats
fresh pineapple juice
225
what are the clinical forms of pasteurellosis
upper respiratory tract infection
otitis media
otitis interna
septicaemia
226
which animal gets pasteruellosis
rabbits
227
how do you diagnose pasteurellosis in rabbits
Clinical signs
X-ray of skull, abd. and thoraz
US
blood test
228
what do you use to treat pasteurellosis
enrofloxacin (+metronidazol).
| treat for at least 3 weeks
229
supportive treatment of pasteurellosis may be
```
fluid therapy
force feeding and NSAID
mucolytics
Nasal spray,
eye drops
```
230
can you vaccinate against pasteruellosis
no
231
what is the causative agent of rabbit haemorrhagic dieases, what age groups
calicivirus
4-5 weeks old
232
CS of rabbit haemorrhagic disease
lethargy,
fever,
respiratory signs
sudden death
233
can you vaccinate against rabbit haemorrhagic disease
yes
234
how many serotypes are known for infectous diseases of bird brains
PMV 1-9
235
PMV-1 infects
all birds
236
PMV-2 infects
song birds, parrots and domestic species
237
PMV-3 infects
song birds, parrots and domestic species
238
PMV-4 infects
ducks, geese and domestic species
239
PMV-5 infects
small parrots and lories
240
PMV-6 infects
Ducks, geese and turkeys
241
PMV-7 infects
pigeons and doves
242
PMV-8 infects
ducks and geese
243
PMV-9 infects
domestic duck
244
which PMV serotypes causes asymptomatic infection
4,7,8,9
245
what is the causative agent of newcastle disease
paramyxovirus 1
246
CS on newcastle disease
```
apathy,
lethargy
enteritis
ophistotonus in doves due to encephalitis
respiratory sings in song birds
```
247
which viruses can cause infectons of the brain other than paramyxovirus
polyomavirus
west-nile virus
248
what kind of inflammation can be seen in the brain in case of pneumomycosis
granulomatous formation
249
which brids are prone to botulism and during what season
exotic pheasant and ducks during summer
250
what is the best treament against botulism in birds
remove the sick birds
251
which disease causes changed in the lumbosacral pleaxus
mareks's disease
252
which birds are sensitive to marek's disease and what can be seen in the nerves
Galliform birds
lymphoid cell infiltration in the nerves
253
which pathogens cause changees in the eyelids and what changes do they cause
paramyoxvirus, chlamydophila psittatci and mycoplasma cause conjunctivits followed by discharge
poxvirus causes papules or knots,
papillomavirus causes tumours
254
which bacteria can cause septic arthriculitis in the joints of birds?
mycoplasma
chlamydoplia psittaci
salmonella
streptococcus and staphyloccous
255
what is the cause of aseptic arthriculitis in birds
uric acid deposits
256
why is it important to remember the high metabolic rate that birds have
they starve fast
257
which ovary is present in birds
left
258
which jugular vein is present in birds
right
259
what can you do if the birds lacks grit in the crops
add it to the feed or directly to crop
260
what is the DD of birds without crop grit
proventricular dilation disease,
malabsorption
enteritis
megabacteriosis
261
where should you examine a bird to check obesity
sternum
262
what can be the consequence of only feeding sunflower seeds
Vit A deficiency
263
how do you treat bumble foot
local antibiotic
264
which mites are found on birds and where
knemidokoptes pila, mutans and gallia
265
which bird do you primarily find K. pilae
parrots
266
which bird do you primarily find K. jamaicaensis
canary and other finches
267
which bird do you primarily find K. mutans
on legs of domestic birds
268
what are the clinical sings of knemidokoptes infection
inflammation
hyper/para keratosis
greyish-white discoloration
269
what is the recommended therapy for knemidokoptes infestation
ivermectin, cydectic
270
what are the CS of paramyxovirus or mycoplasma infection in pheasants
oversecretion of mucous, leads to sufffocation
271
what are the agents causing diptheric infection in birds
poxvirus, candid, trichomonas
272
which bacteria cuase megabacteriosus
macrohabdus, ornithogaster
273
where can megabacteriosis localise
in the superficial proprial glands of the proventriculus
274
how to treat megabacteriosis in birds
amphotericin B po
separation
drinking water should be pH 6
lactobacillus supplement
275
which birds are likely to suffer from proventricular dilation disease (PDD
larger parrot
276
CS of proventricular dilation disease (PDD
```
lethargy,
loss of appetite,
bad condition
change in fecal consistancy
suffocation
```
277
which birds are prone to megabacteriosis
canary birds,
| small and large parrots
278
which birds are likely to get haemorrhagic enterits
small song birds and parrot
279
what can be the cause of bleeding in the intestinal mucosa
mycotoxins,
paramyxovirus
bird flu
280
what are the CS of necrotic enteriits caused by Cl perfringens in pheasansts
lethargy and loss of appetite
281
where can tuberculosis be found in birds
```
pharynx,
oesophagus,
proventriculus,
intestine,
respiratory,
bone marrow,
CNS
spleen
```
282
pathology of salmonella infection
enteritis
necrotic inflammation in parenchymal organs
necrotic inflammation in testis
follicular degeneration of ovaries
283
pathogen, CS and diagonis of coccidiosis
eimeria
diarrhoea, sudden death, weight loss
flotation technique for oocyst detection
284
which ascarid worm infect birds and which birds are most likely to get infected
ascaridia gali
ascaridia columbae
parrots,
doves
pheasants
patridges
285
which heterakis spp infect birds and which birds most likely to get infected
heterakis gallinarum, dispar, and isolonche
pheasant, patridges and some geese
286
what type of tumor may be seen in cloaca of parrots
papilloma
287
what are the caustaive of inclusion body hepatits
herpesvirus
| adenovirus
288
infectious agent and susceptible age of duck viral hepatitis
picornavirdae in young duck
289
CS and prevention of duck viral hepatitis
peracute; sudden death
acute; liver dystrophie, tremors, moving problems and incoordinatino
vaccination
290
bacterial infection in parrots and doves
```
salmonella
yersinia,
pasteurella
citrobacter
pseudomonas
```
291
bacterial infections in duck and geese
staphyloccus,
streptococcus
erysipelas
292
causes and CS of psittacosis
clamydophila psittaci
```
lethargy
apathy
decreased appetite
diarrhoea
weight loss
respiratory symptoms
```
293
therapy and prevention of psittacoisi
doxycyclin or enrofloacin
closed colonies
quaratine
294
what you feed a finch
quality formulated seed mix
soft food like egg, cheese, carrots and bisque
insects after hatching and fresh water
295
what would you feed a psittacine
quality formulated pellet diet
tropical fruits
pigmented vegetable and vitamins
296
what are the symptoms if a bird lack grit
poor condition
| undigested material in faeces
297
why is it dangerous to use penalty when you are training your bird
creates fear and aggression
298
what happens if you use louder voice to your bird
it will imitate you
299
which muscle is used for IM drugs
pectoral
300
where do you give SC injection
femoral skin
| on back btw wings
301
what do you need for general anaesthesia is bird
isofluran or sevoflurane
mask or endotracheal tube
302
what is aim of feather clipping
limit flying
not terminate
303
what is the recommended method of feather clipping
clip the inner and outer permanent featers
cut ends should be below cover feathers
max 7.5m flight capacity
304
CS for pox infection
septicaemia, changes of MM and skin
305
what is the preferred therapy and prevention of bird pox
antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial
prevent pox by vaccination
306
what types of birds are predisposed to bumble foot
predator birds
307
which type of bird should be handled carefully
pigeons
308
why is it important to reduce bird visits to vet
sensitive to transportation
309
why is bird x-ray blurry
always moving due to breathing
310
which x-ray position is contra-indicated in case of birds with dyspnoea
laterolateral
311
how do you determine bird sex
endoscopy, DNA
312
why is the birds lung so excellent for pathogens
high O2,
humidity
and temperature
313
is us often used in birds
no because of airsacs
314
what are the methos for oral drug administration in birds
blunt feeding tube
315
can iv catheraters be used in birds
only in large species
316
what is the indication for interosseous catheter placement
intra or post-op fluid therapy
317
why are injectible anaesthetic not recommended in birds
difficult to control
318
do birds need small cages to feel safe
no min 3x wing span
319
which spp of birds are seed eaters
most psittacins and finches
320
which spp of birds are fruits eaters
parrots
321
which birds are soft feed eaters
lories, beo and toucan
322
which bacteria are responsible for follicular degeneration on the ovary
salmonella and other
323
which 3 infection routes are possilbe for infection of the oviduct during egg laying seaons
ascending, decending hematogenous
324
CS of infectious disease of oviduct
aysmoptomatic in beginnig
laying suddenly stops
egg pseudoconcretion
325
how can you treat infectious diseases of the oviduct, what about prognoisis
antibiotic
remove nest
poor progonisis
326
the causative of egg drop syndrome and in which birds is it more common
adenovirus in pheasants
327
CS of egg drop syndrome
skin like egg shell
| broken egg shell
328
which factors can have serious consequences around hatching
during egg developmetn; vit and mineral deficiency
egg laying; bad nest hygiene
incubation; humidity and temperature
329
what can be consequence of improper condition around hatching
chickens are hatched but low vitality
loud peeping
disheveled feathers and swagging
330
what is the causative and victims of marble spleen disease
adenovirus,
exotic pheasant and turkey
331
what are the clinical signs of marble spleen disease
soft feces, lethargy, loss of appetite, dyspnoea
332
which virus is likely to infect the buras fabricii and what are the sings
circovirus
depletion of lymphoid tissue
inclusion bodies
333
which infectious disease of the bone marrow can be seen in birds
lymphoma
mycotoxicosis
tuberculosis
334
what is the causative agent for bacterial respiratory infection in guinea pigs
brodetalla bronchiseptica
| streptococcus pneumoniae
335
what is the treatment for bacterial respiatory infection in guinea pigs
antibiotics and supportive treatment
336
respiratory diesase in rats is a multifactorial diease, what are the factos
mycoplasma pulmonis
latent respiratory virus
high ammonia levels
337
what are the symptoms of CRD in rats
```
weight loss
nasal discharge
dyspnoea
poor quality fur
porphyrine
```
338
treatment of CRD in rats
enrofloxacin
supportive treamting nad flucocorticoids
optimal husbandry
339
what are the bacteria causing bacterial resp disease in rats
streptococcus pneumonia,
| cornybacterium kutscheri
340
non infectious respiratory disease in rabbits and rodents include
allergies,
| pulmonary tumour
341
what is the most common pulmonary tumor in all spp
alveolar adenocarcinoma
342
which animals are susceptible to urolithiasis formation
rabbits and guinea pig
343
symptoms in case of urolithiasis
anorexia,
abdominal pain,
blood in urine
porphyrinurea
344
how do you diagnose urolithiases
x-ray
US
urine examination
345
what is the tratment for urolithiasis
surgical removal
fluid therapy
pain control
antibiotic to prevent cystitis
346
what is hypercalcuria
not urolith, but rather amoprhous calcium sludge
347
what are the signs of hypercalcuria
pasty urine,
bleeding
secondary inflammation of urinary tract
348
what type of examination is always needed to determine enteral pathogens
faecal sample
349
which animals are especially sensitive to E.coli infections
guine pig
hamster
chinchilla
350
what are the predisposin factor to E.coli infections
improper antibiotic use
stress
malnutrition
351
what are the symptoms of E.coli infections
acute-subacute diarrhea,
salivation
tympani
352
what are the predisposing factors for salmonellosis
stress
hypovitaminosis
malnutrition
353
what is the causative agent of tyzzer's disease and what animals are sensitive
Cl piliformis
gerbil
354
what is the pathology of tyzzer's disease
necrosis in the liver and intestinal mucosa, myocardial degeneration
355
which animal is sensitive to lawsonia intracellularis infections
hamster, rabbit guinea pig
356
what are the symptoms for L. intracellularis infection
anorexia
weight loss
yellowish diarrhoea
rectal prolapse
357
what do you use to treat L. intracelularis
tetracycline
chlorampehicol
fluid therapy
358
what is the causative agent of entamoebosis of guinea pigs and what is the treatment
entamoeba caviae
| metroindazol
359
which animals are sensitive to giardiosis
mouse,
rat
hamster
chinchillas
360
what is the most common fungi causing dermatitis
trichophyton mentagrophytes
361
which are the bacterial agents most commonly causing bacterial dermatitis
staphylococcus, pasteurella
362
what is the treatment for dermatitis due to fungal infection
local treatment,myconazole, ketoconazole and natamycin
systemic; itraconazole
363
what is the treatment for dermatitis caused by parasite
pyrethroids contact powder
ivermectin
364
which drugs are highly prohibited in case of parasitc dermatitis
fipronil
| amitraz
365
what do you use for puritis managment in rodents and rabbits
glucocorticois
antihistaminsa
lidocaine gel
skin hydration
366
ear mites, pathogens and treatment
psoroptes caniculs
ivermectin
367
myxomatosis; pathogen, symptoms
leporipox virus
```
lethargy
anorexia
skin haemorrhages
seizures
edematous nodules on face and perineum
```
368
what are the symptoms of C-hypovitaminosis
```
hyperkeratosis on lips
salivation
pathological fractures
slow wound healing
abnormal dentin formaiton
periarthiris
myositis
```
369
what are the cuases of pododermatitis
```
obesity
age
weak immune system
hard bedding
contamination with urine or faeces
```
370
which animals is pododermatitis primarly a disease of
guineapigs
| rabbits
371
what is the treatment of pododermatits
change bedding
diet and cream for epithelisation
prolonged;
betadine, cream, bandage, NSAID
372
when is breeding season of ferrets
spring, controlled by photoperios
373
ferrets; polyestrus or momesture
seasonally polyestrus
| induced ovulation
374
what are the signs of hyperoestrogenism
anaemis and alopecia
death if not treated
375
what causes the special odour of male ferrets
sebaecous glands
376
what is appropriate feed for ferrets
mica and day-old chicks
ferret and cat food
meat, egg and cheese
377
what is the danger of giving vegetables and fruits to a ferret
ileus
378
what is the danger of giving high sugar food toferrets
insulinoma
379
which vaccines are obligatory and which are recommended
none
distemper and rabies
380
what is the cause and consequences of distember
Paramyxovirus in non vaccinateed animals
CNS symptoms
381
what can be seen and done in case of vaccine reactions
puritus, salivation, vomiting, diarrhoea, shock, death
fluid therapy, antihistamines, corticosteroids
382
how much and what to give to ferrets as fluid therapy
average 50ml/kg ringer (lactata) + glucose
383
in which ferret are enrofloxacin contraindicated
young and pregnant
384
which bacteria are enrofloxacin active against
G+/- but not anaerobes
385
which bacteria are amoxiclav active against
G-, anaerobes, some G+
386
contraindication for amoxiclav
none
387
spectrum and contraindication of metronidazole
narrow spectrum (anaerobes)
no contraindications
388
which analgesic are safe in ferrets
buterphenol
for abdominal pain; ketoprofen
389
what are indications for blood transfusion
severe anaemia
390
how many blood type groups exist in ferret
none
391
what ferret is good for being a blood donor
1.5kg healthy male ferret
5-10ml of blood
392
indications for castrating a male ferret
smell and aggression
393
symptoms and incidnece of GI foreign bodies
common in young ferrets,
| lethargy, anorexia, salivaiton, fierce rubbing, vomniting, diarrheae, dehydration
394
etieology and pathogenesis of hydroneprosis
obstruction of ureter
urine reteniton
distension and dilation of renal pelvie
pregressive atrophy
395
what is the most common tumor in ferrets
insulinoma
396
symptoms of insulinoma
acute; hypoglycaemia, adrenal symptoms
chronic; lethargy, weakness, anorexia
397
what is the physioloigcal glucose CC in ferets
5-11.5 mmol/l
398
what is the problem with hematology in birds
venipuncture causes stress
small species
fast hemolysis
399
what can be used as anticoagulent if you want a blood smear/sample for haematology and biochem
blood smear; none
haematolgoy; EDTA
biochem; Heparin
400
which site can be used for venipuntcure in birds
```
vena jugularis,
cutanea ulnaris
caudalis tibialis
sinus venosus occipitalis
heart
nail clipping
```
401
what can cause blood loss anaemia in birds
trauma
ulcer
ecto/endo parasites
coagulation disorders
402
what can cause haemolytic anaemia in birds
haemoparasites; plasmodium
haemoprotien
leukocyts
salmonella
alfatoixn
autoimmus haemolytic anaemia
403
what can cause aplastic anaemia in birds
chronic infections; TB, chlamydophilosis aspergillosis
CRD
mycotoxin
404
are haematological machines useful for counting avain blood
no
405
in which cases can basophilia be observed in birds
```
inflammation of skin or muscle
parasites
chlamydophilosis
resp. disease
severe tissue
damage
starvation
mycotoxicosis
```
406
non-infectious causes for feather plucking
```
chlamydophilosis
endo/ectoparasites
folliculitis
air sacculitis
puritus
```
407
social causes of feather plucking
```
separation,
attention seeking
stress
reproduction related
failure to lear proening behaviour
poor socilisation
```
408
what are the non infectious causes of bumble foot and what birds is it more common
inadequate perches
poor hygiene
obesity
inactivity
raptors and parrots
409
treatment of bumblefoot in birds
```
topical antimirobieals
hydrophilic dressing and pedding of feet
anti-inflammatory and analgesics
devridement and suturing
consider systemic antibiotic
```
```
long term
alter perches,
excersice
alter diet to control obesity
vit A
```
410
incidence and causes of bone fractues
wild; gun shot or car accidents
pet; improper handling, cage
411
causes and incidence of rachitis in birds
Ca deficiency,
| Vit D or UV light deficincy in young
412
symptoms and treatment of rachitis in young birds
painful malformation
mostly untreatable
surgery in case of malformed tibiotarsus
413
treatment of band and ring injuries in birds
```
remove band with minimal tissue damage,
assess distal feet vitability,
hydropscopic dressing
antibiotic
prevent trauma
```
414
what is the incidence and aethology of beak deformities
captive birds
improper abression of beak and beak damage
415
how can you treat and prevent beak deformities
correction, prevention with proper toys and proper food
416
is it good to measure ALT, LDH, ALP and AST for detecting liver disease in birds
ALT, LDH, ALP are not sensitive or liver specific in birds
AST is sensitive but not specific
417
what can increase bile acids suggest in birds
hepatic insufficiency and deacreased liver function
418
is endoscopic biopsy recommended as diagnostic tool in liver disasea
risky, liver failure
results of biopsy usually not conclusive except in cases of tumour, mycobacterial infections and conditions unresponsive to therapy
419
how could you treat a liver diseased bird
fluid therapy, non-lactated every 24h
seconday infections
nutritional support and blood transfusion
treat hepatic encephalopathy; lactulos antibiotic protein restrion
treat ascitis;
remove fluid in case of severe dyspnoea
diuretic
Na restriciton
hepatoprotectants; ursodexycholic acid, vit E
420
infectious causes of kidney disease in birds
viral; corona, birna, astro, entero
bacterial; E.coli, staphy, actino, chlamydophli
fungal; aspergillus
parasitic; eimeria, sarcocystisis, crytosporidium
421
diptheric membrane in bird mouth
aripox,
vit A deficiency
trichomonas
cornidia
422
treatment time for chalmydia in birds
45 days
423
drugs for chlamydiosis
enrofloxacine
doxycycline
chlortetracyline
424
guinea pig mites
glincola percelli
glyropus ovalia
chirodiscoides caniae
trixocarus caniae
425
what is the blister disease in reptiles
sudden in snakes
due to high humidity and poor cage hygiene
fluid filled blisters ventrally
secondary bacterial infections
426
when was the ferret domesticated
2000 yeas ago
427
what is protected contact
contact through a secure barrier
428
what can be a conservative medicine
```
hyperol
betadine
anti-septic creams
bandages
NSAID
```
429
when to neuter ferrets
max 6 months
430
how long is the pregnancy of ferrest
41-43 days
431
puberty in ferrets
6-12 months
432
myxomatosis in rabbits
```
leporipox virus
vaccination
arthropd vectors
skin haemorrhages
edematus nodules
```
433
treatment of scabies in rabbits
ivermectin
434
antibiotics which shouldn't be given to rodents
penicillin
| amoxycillin
435
general zoonosis dieases
snakes; pentastomide, entamoeba, toxoplasa, salmonella
birds; psittachosis, mycobacterium
436
treatment time for salmonella in birds
14-21 days
437
mycobacterium in reptiles
M, marinum, chelonei, tamnopheos
438
non-infectous causes of kidney disease in birds
Vit a deficiency
toxicosis
tumour
439
symptoms of kidney disease in birds
```
dehyration
lameness
weakness
vomiting
regurgitation
weight koss
anorexia
apathy
```
440
what is the most precise diagnostic test for kidney disease in birds
endoscopic exam and biopsy
441
how would you treat kidney disease in birds
```
fluid therapy
antibiotic
colchicin for fibrosis
omega 3 FA
vit A
```
442
incidence aethology and treatment of egg binding
```
in parrots
absolute or relative big egg
systemic diseases
remove egg
surgery
```
443
Etiology, symptoms and treatment of mycotoxicosis
from mouldy feeds,
black blood diarrhea
change feed
444
incidence, aethology, symptoms and treatmetn of lead toxicosis
mostly parrots
ingestions of lead
general symptoms
CNS symptoms
Ca EDTA and D-penicillamine
445
what can cause crop impaction
too much feed
foreign bodies
dilation, swelling, atony
446
what is the cause of crop burn
too hot feeding forulars to hand reared chicks
447
pathogenesis, symptoms and treatment of crop burn
hot feed
local necrosis
hole
dehydration
surgical tratment
debridement and closure of defect
448
what are the symptoms and treatment of foreign bodies in the GI tract of birds
poor appetits
regurgitation
depression
lethargy
```
medical treatment
fluid
antibiotic
parafin oil
surgery
```
449
incidence, aetiology and treatment of cloacal prolapse
mostly in egg laying parrots
surgical treatment
attachment of ventral cloaca to the abdominal wall
450
infectious agents of liver disease
viral; herpes, adeno, polyoma
bacterial; salmonella, E.coli, klebsiella,
chlamydohila
mycobacterium
mycoplasam
fungal; aspergillus, candida
protozoal; toxoplasama, histomona, trichomonas
451
non-infectious causes of liver disease
Vit A deficiency, starving
toxicosis
tumour
452
liver disease specific symptoms
```
green or yellow urates
abdominal swelling, ascits
coagulopathies
melena
abnoraml beak/nails
malcoloured feathers
```
453
diagnostic testing for feather plucking
```
blood analysis
x-ray
sight
fecal exam
skin scraping
feather pulp cytology
chlamydophila
skin biopsy
```
454
how can you treat feather plucking in birds
eliminate the cause,
enviromental enrichment
psychiatric treatment
medical
455
causes of moulting disorders in birds
protein, vitamin deficiency
| chronic diseases
456
what are the symptoms of moulting disorders in birds
lenghted moulting period,
malformation of feather
malcoloration of feaher
457
in which birds are feather cysts a genetic proble
finches
458
pathogenesis, symptons and treatmetn of feather cysts
feather cannot grow,
forms a cyst beneath the skin
yellow pea-sized firm mass
surgery
