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Anesthesiology > Avian Anesthesia > Flashcards

Avian Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the larynx of birds like?

A 
4 cartilages (procricoid, cricoid, 2 arytenoids)
No epiglottis or thyroid or vocal cords
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2
Q

What is the trachea of a bird like compared to mammals?

A

3x longer and 1.3x larger, so they have increased dead space and decreased resistance

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3
Q

What is the minute volume (Ve) of birds compared to mammals?

A

1.5 to 2 times greater

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4
Q

True or false: birds have complete tracheal rings

A

True

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5
Q

What makes sound in a bird?

A

Syrinx

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6
Q

What is unique about penguins?

A

There is a septum that starts at the division of main bronchi and extend rostrally and may appear to have a double trachea and need 2 ET tubes

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7
Q

Since birds don’t have a diaphragm, what is ventilation driven by?

A

Respiratory muscles both in inspiration and expiration

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8
Q

How many air sacs do birds have?

A

Up to 9 (2 cervical, 1 clavicular, 2 cranial thoracic, 2 caudal thoracic, 2 abdominal)

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9
Q

What are the air sacs covered in?

A

Simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue

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10
Q

True or false: air sacs participate in gas exchange.

A

False, they are just a sort of air reservoir

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11
Q

Describe primary bronchus

A

1/lung
Left and right bifurcate at the syrinx
Continues into abdominal air sacs

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12
Q

Describe secondary bronchi

A

4 groups arise from primary bronchus that are interconnected (medioventral, mediodorsal, lateroventral, laterodorsal)
Muscular and elastic fibers
Opening into air sacs

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13
Q

Describe tertiary bronchi

A

Gas exchange component
Paleopulmonic (all birds, unidirectional)
Neoplumonic (bidirectional): penguins, poultry, singing birds

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14
Q

What is the atria like in birds?

A

Numerous pocket-like polygonal cavities
Open into the lumen of the parabronchi
Contain openings that lead to air capillaries

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15
Q

What does the small diameter of air capillaries result in?

A

Greater pressure gradient for oxygen diffusion

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16
Q

Why is gas exchange more efficient in birds?

A

It happens along the entire length of parabronchi giving an overall bigger surface exchange area
Thinner distance between parabrinchus and capillary
Longer blood supplies (retinacula)

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17
Q

How is ventilation controlled?

A

Both central and peripheral chemoreceptors
Intrapulmonary chemoreceptors –> CO2 sensitive –> vagal negative feedback (decreased CO2 stimulates receptros) –> inhibits respiration

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18
Q

How many chambers are in the heart of a bird?

A

4

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19
Q

Why do birds have a larger CO?

A

Larger SV and lower HR

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20
Q

Because birds have a higher SAP (105-220 mmHg), what can occur?

A

Aneurism and arterial rupture

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21
Q

What is the conduction of the heart of birds?

A

Type II hearts

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22
Q

What is the QRS like in birds?

A

Negative, no ST segment

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23
Q

What is the renal portal system?

A

Valve located at the junction between efferent renal vein and external iliac vein

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24
Q

What happens if the renal portal valve is open (epinephrine)?

A

Blood bypasses kidneys

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25
What happens if the renal portal valve is closed (Ach)?
Blodd passes through the kidneys
26
What happens during diving?
Reduction in O2 consumption | Reduction N2 absorption
27
What happens with a reduction in O2 consumption during diving?
20% O2 from respiratory volume, 40% from Hb and 40% from muscles Bradycardia and vasodilation Shifting blood to brain, lungs, and heart
28
What happens with a reduction in N2 absorption?
Reduction in respiratory volume Bradycardia --> reduction in CO --> reduciton in N2 uptake Tachycardia and vasodilation in emersion --> dissipation cumulated N2
29
What should glucose be maintained at?
>200 mg/dl
30
How long should a bird be fasted?
2-4 hours
31
What are the IM injection sites?
Pectoral or thigh muscles
32
What are the IV injection sites?
Medial ulnar vein Dorsal metatarsal vein Jugular (R>L)
33
What are the SQ injection sites?
Between wings, inguinal fold of skin
34
What are the IO injection sites?
Proximal tibio-tarsus or distal ulnar | Avoid pneumatic bones
35
How much crystalloid should be given?
4 times the loss --> interstitial space in birds is 4x the blood volume
36
What is the dose of hypertonic saline?
4 ml/kg
37
What is the dose of colloids?
Hetastarch 5-10 ml/kg or 20 ml/kg/die
38
At what ratio to the loss should blood be give?
1:1
39
What do antimuscarinics cause?
Increased thickness of respiratory secretion
40
What do benzodiazepines do?
Sedation, hypnosis, anxiolysis, anterograde amnesia, centrally mediated muscle relaxation and anti-convulsion
41
What can benzos be reversed with?
Flumazenil
42
What does xyalzine (alpha2-agonist) cause?
Profound sedation with bradyarrhythmias, arrhythmias, excitement, and seizures
43
What is the 1st choice of opioids in chickens and psittacine?
Butorphanol
44
What has been shown to work well in raptors?
Mu-agonists
45
What is the problem with diclofenac and ketoprofen?
Causes ARF in brids
46
At what dose does carprofen work in chicken?
High doses (30 mg/kg)
47
What does carprofen cause in pigeons?
Acute liver and muscle necrosis
48
What is the 1st choice of NSAIDs in birds?
Meloxicam
49
What is the problem with local anesthetics?
Very sensitive to local anesthetics and can suddenly die if accidentally injected IV
50
What is the problem with ketamine in snowy owls?
Can cause arrhythmias and violent recoveries
51
What is ketamine usually associated with?
α2 or benzos
52
What does propofol cause?
Apnea, hypoxia, and very unreliable anesthesia
53
Why do you not use propofol in chickens and pigeons?
Toxic dose is close to induction dose
54
What is the gold standard for anesthesia?
Inhalant anesthesia with mask induction or in an anesthetic chamber
55
What is MAC in birds?
Minimal anesthetic concentration
56
What is the apneic index in birds?
1.65%
57
How do you know if a bird is unconscious?
Loss of rightening reflex
58
How do you know if a bird is in the surgical plane of anesthesia?
Loss of muscle tone in wings and legs, toe pinch response | Corneal reflex, but not palpebral
59
How can you measure doppler?
Superficial ulnar artery Deep brachial artery Dorsal tibial artery Palatine artery
60
What is a normal temp?
39-43C (102.2-109.4)
61
Why do birds tend to lose more heat than bigger animals?
They have a higher surface-area-to-mass ratio
62
Which is more common, respiratory arrest or cardiac arrest?
Respiratory

Anesthesiology (27 decks)

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