Reptile, Small Mammal, and Zoo Animal Anesthesia

Question 1

What is allometry?

Answer 1

The study of the relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, physiology, and behavior

Question 2

True or False: reptiles are tolerant of mild hypoxemia

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What kind of animals are reptiles in terms of thermal regulation?

Answer 3

Ecothermic

Question 4

What do the internal temperatures of reptiles depend on?

Answer 4

Environemental temps

Question 5

What is the rule of thumb for maintaining the temperature of reptiles?

Answer 5

Keep room temp warm

Question 6

What is the renal portal system in reptiles?

Answer 6

Venous blood from pelvic limbs goes through the kidneys

Question 7

What is the renal portal system controlled by?

Answer 7

Portal valves

Question 8

What is the problem with epinephrine use in reptiles?

Answer 8

Opens valves and blood will bypass kidneys which may lead to under dosing and contribute to renal toxicity

Question 9

How many chambers are in the heart of a reptile?

Answer 9

3, but 4 in a croc

Question 10

True or false: reptiles have fast HRs

Answer 10

False, they are slow

Question 11

What is unique about the respiratory system of reptiles?

Answer 11

No epiglottis, no diaphragm

Crocs: long soft palate, overlaps gular fold and protects airway underwater

Question 12

True or false: some snakes gave one lung

Answer 12

True

Boas, pythons have 2 lungs

Question 13

True or false: snakes have a slow RR and breath holding is not unusual

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What should be done in preparation for anesthetizing a reptile?

Answer 14

Warm room
Fasting:
lizards, turtles 12-24 hours
Snakes up to 72 hours

Question 15

What can be the problem with mask induction for reptiles?

Answer 15

It is feasible, but it can be slow because of breath holding

Question 16

What is the issue with injectable drugs in reptiles?

Answer 16

Renal-portal drug elimination (same as birds)

Question 17

What are injection sites for injectable drugs in reptiles?

Answer 17

IM is common

IV: tail, ventral abdominal, jugular vein

Question 18

What type of premeds are usually necessary in turtles?

Answer 18

IM- extend head and neck from shell

Question 19

What is common as premed in reptiles?

Answer 19

Ketamine combos

Question 20

What is used in healthy reptiles for premed?

Answer 20

Ketamine + dexmedetomidine

Question 21

What is used in sick reptiles for premed?

Answer 21

Ketamine + butorphanol + midazolam

Question 22

What is used for anesthetic maintenance in reptiles?

Answer 22

Intubate if possible with uncuffed ET tube

Mask otherwise with iso or sevo

Question 23

What should be done to a reptile if apneic?

Answer 23

Ventilate 1-2 times per minute

Question 24

How can you check anesthetic depth in a reptile?

Answer 24

Cloacal tone, toe pinch, tail pinch

Question 25

What is the recovery from anesthesia like in reptiles?

Answer 25

Slow | Recover tail to head

Question 26

How can you prepare for anesthesia in small mammals?

Answer 26

Minimal handling if easily stressed Minimal fasting Try to weigh

Question 27

True or false: recovery will be quick in small mammals if high dosages of anesthetic drugs are used

Answer 27

False, recovery will take a long time

Question 28

What can cause you to easily overdose in small mammals?

Answer 28

If you use inhalants together with high dosages of injectables

Question 29

What is the safest anesthetic drugs for small mammals?

Answer 29

Low dose injectables combined with inhalants

Question 30

What is the injectable combination used in small mammals?

Answer 30

Ketamine + midazolam +/- butorphanol or buprenorphine

Question 31

What do you have to be careful of in the airways of small mammals?

Answer 31

Mucus plugs

Question 32

What can be used for analgesia in small mammals?

Answer 32

Opioids, NSAIDs

Question 33

True or false: use manage ferrets like small cats

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What is used for induction and maintenance of small rodents?

Answer 34

Inhalant via mask

Question 35

What is required to examine zoo animals?

Answer 35

Chemical immobilization

Question 36

When are physical and laboratory parameters taken in zoo animals?

Answer 36

After drugs are given

Question 37

What are popular drug combinations used in zoo animals?

Answer 37

Dissociative combinations

Question 38

True or false: telazol can be used in tigers

Answer 38

False

Question 39

What is needed if using an inhalant in zoo animals?

Answer 39

Large animal anesthesia machine