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Large Animal Anatomy > Avian Comparative Anatomy > Flashcards

Avian Comparative Anatomy Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

The wing of the bird is it’s ____

A

forelimb

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2
Q

What are the articulations of the pectoral girdle of the bird?

A

scapula
clavicle
coracoid

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3
Q

What is the canalis/foramen triosseum?

A

foramen at the junction of the articulations of the pectoral gurdle
tendon of the supracoracoideus (flight muscle) passes through here

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4
Q

Describe the scapula of the bird

A

flat rod, laying lateral and parallel to the vertebral column
extended caudally to the pelvis

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5
Q

Describe the coracoid of the bird

A

acts as a brace between the vigorous up-down strokes of the wing

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6
Q

Describe the clavicle of the bird

A

two clavicles fuse ventrally
forms the furcula

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7
Q

What is the function of the furcula?

A

braces the pectoral girdle against the axial skeleton

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8
Q

Describe the humerus of the bird

A

pneumatized bone with a pneumatic foramen

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9
Q

Describe the radius and ulna of the bird (the antebrachium)

A

the ulna is thicker and longer than the radius

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10
Q

What bones comprise the proximal row of the avian carpus?

A

radial and ulnar carpal bones

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11
Q

Describe the distal row of the avian carpus

A

fused with the metacarpals
forms the carpometacarpus

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12
Q

What is the synsacrum in the avian species?

A

fused thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal vertebrae
allows birds to stand erect

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13
Q

Do the hip bones of birds meet in a ventral symphysis?

A

no (except in the ostrich)

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14
Q

What part of the avian hindlimb is considered the “drumstick”?

A

tibiotarsus which is longer than the femur
fused tibia and proximal tarsal elements

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15
Q

Describe the fibula in birds

A

feebly developed

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16
Q

Describe the tarsal joint of the bird

A

tarsal bones merge with metatarsals II-IV forming the tarsometatarsus

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17
Q

Describe the tarsometatarsus in the bird

A

extends to the ground and gives rise to 4 digits
digit 1 is usually plantar

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18
Q

What is the vertebral formula for the avian species?

A

C 14 (varies with species)
T 7
LS 14
Cd 6

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19
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are present in small birds? swans? chickens?

A

small birds: 8
swans: 25
chickens: 14-17

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20
Q

Why is division of the vertebral regions difficult in the avian species?

A

extensive fusion

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21
Q

Describe the thoracic vertebrae of birds

A

complete ribs and connect with the sternum
the first 3-5 fuse - form the notarium

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22
Q

Describe the atlas of the bird

A

ring shaped
articulates by a depression in its ventral arch with a single occipital condyle

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23
Q

Describe the tail of birds

A

synsacrum is followed by 5-6 free caudal vertebrae - allowing free movement of the tail
pygostyle (most caudal segment)

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24
Q

Describe the pygostyle in the avial tail

A

most caudal segment
several fused rudiments
gives support to the flight feathers of the tail

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25
What bone makes up the sternum of birds?
keel large, unsegmented bone
26
How does the keel bone vary between avian species?
prominent in strong fliers deep in weak fliers (chickens)
27
Where do the muscles of flight insert?
onto the keel
28
Which muscle of flight is responsible for downward stroke of the wings?
pectoralis muscle aka superficial pectoral aka pectoralis major
29
Which muscle of flight is responsible for the upward stroke of the wings?
supracoracoideus muscle aka deep pectal aka pectoralis minor
30
Which muscle of flight is responsible for drawing the wing caudally/folding up the wing?
latissimus dorsi muscle
31
Describe the oropharynx of the avian species
combined cavity extends from the beak to the esophagus
32
Describe the roof of the avian oropharynx
composed of the hard palate NO SOFT PALATE choana = opening infundibular cleft = smaller opening, caudal to the choana
33
Describe the floor of the avian oropharynx
mandible, tongue, laryngeal mound
34
What is the laryngeal glottis in the avian species?
median slit on the laryngeal mound that opens to the larynx
35
What is the organ of phonation in the avian species?
synrinx
36
Describe the mucosa of the avian oropharynx
many openings for salivary glands more in granivorous birds
37
Which side of is the avian esophagus on within the cervical region?
right side
38
Describe the crop
expansion of the ventral wall of the esophagus at the thoracic inlet used to store food for short periods of time
39
What are the two parts of the avian stomach?
proventriculus and ventriculus
40
Proventriculus =
glandular stomach
41
Ventriculus =
muscular stomach gizzard
42
Describe the proventriculus
spindle shaped mucus-secreting columnar epithelium numerous papillae and collecting ducts (glands) secrete HCl, pepsin, and mucus
43
Describe the ventriculus
lens shaped two thick masses of muscles - insert on tendinous centers, one on each side cuboidal epithelium with tubular glands, screte Kaolin (carbohydrate-protein complpex) which hardens and protects the gizzard
44
Where do the intestine open into in the avian species?
open into the cloaca
45
What is the vitaline/meckel's diverticulum?
small outgrowth marking the former connection with the yolk sac persists for a few days to nourish the hatchling also serves as a marker for the beginning of the ileum
46
How many ceca are present in herbivorous birds?
two ceca at the ileocolic junction - function for bacterial breakdown of cellulose attached via ileocecal folds
47
Describe the cloaca
common to the digestive and urogenital systems opens to the exterior at the vent
48
What are the regions/parts of the cloaca
cuprodeum - where feces are stored urodeum - where the ureter opens proctodeum - most caudal, related to the reproductive system
49
Which lobe of the avian liver is larger? Why?
right lobe - carries the gallbladder
50
Which species of bird lacks a gallbladder?
pigeons
51
What color is the avian liver?
dark brown yellow for the first 2 weeks after hatching due to yolk pigment
52
How many bile ducts are present in the avian species?
two only the right one is attached to the gallbladder
53
Where are the nostrils located in the bird?
located at the base of the beak - covered by operculum
54
Name the nasal conchae present in the avian species?
rostral, middle and caudal conchae
55
Describe the caudal nasal conchae in the avian species
encloses a diverticulum of the infraorbital sinus - communicates with the nasal cavity via a narrow duct
56
What is the nasal/salt gland in birds? Describe it
extends from the dorsal part of the orbit in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and opens into the cavity at the level of the rostral concha secretes hypertonic sodium chloride solution - allows seabirds to drink saltwater
57
Describe the trachea of birds
composed of tightly stacked, complete cartilaginous rings
58
Describe the syrinx in birds
responsible for sound production - lateral and medial walls of the bronchii are membranous and cause sound when caused to flutter formed by the terminal part of the trachea and the beginning of the primary bronchi
59
Where are the avian lungs located?
dorsal in the body cavity
60
Describe the avian lungs
roughly quadrilateral relatively small inelastic and non-expansible
61
Describe the primary bronchus in birds
enters the lung continuous with the abdominal air sac
62
Describe the secondary bronchii in birds
named according to the general area of the lung they supply essential to the passage of air through the lungs
63
Describe the parabronchi in birds
where gas exchange takes place arise from the mediodorsal and medioventral secondary bronchi form loops - make up 3/4 of the lung
64
Describe the paleoplumo parabronchi
functional unit of gas exchange anastomose with air capillaries, intertwine with blood capillaries
65
What are air sacs? Describe them
blind, thin-walled enlargements of the bronchial system extend beyond the lung airflow is multidirectional
66
Which air sacs are the largest?
abdominal sacs
67
Which side of the avian female reproductive system develops? Which species are the exception?
left side exception: birds of prey and kiwi bird
68
Describe the avian ovary
resembles a truss of grapes of various sizes - several thousand follicles yellow
69
What is the function of the avian oviduct?
conducts fertilized ovum to the cloaca add nutrients (albumin) protection conveys spermatozoa to the ovum for fertilization storage of spermatozoa for later use
70
What are the parts of the avian oviduct?
infundibulum magnum isthmus uterus/shell gland
71
How long does the ovum stay in the avian infundibulum?
15 minutes
72
What occurs within the avian infundibulum?
chalaziferous layer is formed
73
How long does the egg stay in the magnum for?
~3 hours
74
What is unique about the magnum?
largest segment
75
What occurs in the magnum?
deposits albumin, calcium, sodium and magnesium
76
What is unique about the isthmus?
thinner than the magnum most narrow part
77
How long is the egg in the isthmus for?
~1 hour
78
What occurs in the isthmus?
secretes more albumin forms the homogenous membranes between albumin and the shell
79
Describe the shell gland
uterus thinner-walled, slightly enlarged chamber
80
What occurs in the uterus of birds?
watery albumin is added deposit shell, shell pigments and outer cuticle
81
How long does the egg remain in the avian uterus?
~20 hours
82
Describe the avian vagina
muscular s-shaped
83
How long does the egg stay in the avian vagina?
completed egg passes in seconds when laid
84
Describe the testis of the avian species
paired, bean shapped, relatively small
85
Where are the avian testis located?
located symmetrically against the cranial ends of the kidneys
86
What is unique about the epididymidis of the avian species?
not divided into head, body and tail
87
Describe the deferent duct of the avian species
arises from the caudal part of the epididymidis accompanies the ureter opens on a low papilla on the lateral wall of the urodeum
88
Describe the avian phallus
located at the ventral lip of the vent parts: lymphatic fold, lateral phallic fold, median phallic fold/tubercle, paracloacal vascular body
89
Where are the avian kidneys located?
lodged in the renal foosae of the synsacrum and pelvic girdle make contact eith the lung cranially
90
What are the parts of the avian kidneys?
cranial, middle and caudal parts
91
Does the avian urinary system have a renal pelvis, bladder or urethra?
no ureters go straight from the kidneys to the dorsal wall of the urodeum
92
Describe the blood supply to the avian kidneys
three renal arteries one for each division of the kindey
93
Describe the renal portal system of the avian species
cranial and cuadal renal portal veins receive blood from the caudal body parts via external iliac vein

Large Animal Anatomy (30 decks)

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