Axial Skeleton

Question 1

what is the axial skeleton made up of

Answer 1

1. the skull
2. vertebral column (spine or spinal column)
3. bony thorax (rib cage and sternum)

Question 2

what type of bones makes up the skull

Answer 2

flat bones

Question 3

what two bones forms the skull

Answer 3

1. cranial bones (form the cranium)

2. facial bones (form the face)

Question 4

can the skull bones move

Answer 4

no they are immovable apart from the mandible (the lower jaw)

Question 5

LABEL THE HUMAN SKULL

Answer 5

page 47

Question 6

how is the cranium made up

Answer 6

• it is made up of 8 flat bones
• the bones have immovable fibrous joints connecting them called sutures
• self bracing (which allows the bones to be thin and strong so they can protect the brain)

Question 7

explain the difference in babies craniums

Answer 7

at birth membrane filled spaces called fontanelles exist between the bones of the cranium
these fontanelles allow the:
1. baby’s head to be slightly compressed during childbirth
2. size of the brain to grow rapidly during infancy

Question 8

what are the functions of the cranium

Answer 8

1. protects the fragile brain
2. protects the sense organs of smell, sight and hearing
3. provides attachment for the muscles of the head

Question 9

what connects the skull and spine

Answer 9

At the base of the skull is a large opening, the foramen magnum, through which the medulla oblongata (lowest part of the brain) connects with the spinal cord

Question 10

what is on either side of the foramen magnum

Answer 10

two bumps called occipital condyles

Question 11

what do the occipital condyles do

Answer 11

they articulate with the first vertebra (the atlas of the vertebral column) in such a way that nodding is possible

Question 12

how many bones make up the facial bones

Answer 12

14 bones

Question 13

what are the functions of the facial bones

Answer 13

1. form the structure of the face
2. protect the sense organs of smell, sight and taste
3. provide openings for the passage of food and air
4. provide attachment for the facial muscles which give rise to various expressions
5. secure the teeth

Question 14

what is the role of the teeth snd jaws

Answer 14

the masticate and chew food

Question 15

what is the teeth formula

Answer 15

2123

incisors
canines
pre molars
molars

Question 16

describe the vertebral column

Answer 16

a strong flexible chain of 33 small bones, the vertebrae, that runs down the middle of the body from the skull to the coccyx

Question 17

how the vertebrae held in place

Answer 17

by ligaments, which allow some movement but prevent dislocation

Question 18

what does the vertebral column protect

Answer 18

the spinal cord, which is made up of nervous tissue

Question 19

what does the spinal cord connect to

Answer 19

the brain and the rest of the body

Question 20

LABEL A TYPICAL VERTEBRA

Answer 20

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Question 21

what is found between vertebrae and why

Answer 21

intervertebral discs which have a jelly like centre covered by fibrous cartilage, they act as shock absorbers when we walk, jump or run and they allow the spine to flex and extend as well as to bend sideways

Question 22

what are the functions of the vertebral column

Answer 22

1. support the head
2. enclose and protect the spinal cord
3. serve as a point of attachment for the ribs
4. allows spinal nerves to pass through openings between the vertebrae
5. serves as a point of attachment for the muscles
6. S-shape absorbs jolts and aids in balance

Question 23

why is the S-shape of the backbone important

Answer 23

• strengthens the backbone
• balance the body
• absorb jolts during movement

Question 24

name and explain the different types of vertebrae

Answer 24

1. cervical vertebrae (7)
   - Atlas
   - Axis
2. thoracic (12)
3. Lumbar (5)
4. sacral (5)
5. coccygeal (5)

Question 25

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN VERTEBRAE

Answer 25

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Question 26

what is slipped disc

Answer 26

it is when the backbone is out under a lot of pressure, resulting in the outer cartilage of the disc rupturing and the soft inner centre is forced through the surrounding cartilage this bulge is called a slipped disc if the bulge presses on the spinal cord or on a spinal nerve it can be very painful and numbness in the limbs may occur

Question 27

what causes paralysis

Answer 27

when vertebrae are crushed or dislocated this can damage the spinal cord and cause it to break this in turn will damage nerves leading to muscles and other organs of the body which results in paralysis (if muscles are not stimulated by nerve impulses, they cannot function)

Question 28

if the cervical region is damaged what happens and if the lumbar region is damaged what happens

Answer 28

cervical - quadriplegic | lumbar - paraplegic

Question 29

what is the bony thorax

Answer 29

it is a framework formed by the: - sternum in the front (anteriorly) - the ribs and the rib cartilage on the sides (laterally) - the thoracic vertebrae at the back (posteriorly)

Question 30

how many ribs do we have and where do they go from to where

Answer 30

12 pairs of ribs | they are flat, curved bones which extend from the thoracic vertebrae at the back to the sternum in the front

Question 31

explain the different ribs

Answer 31

* upper 7 pairs (true ribs) are attached to the sternum by flexible strips of cartilage * next 3 pairs (false ribs) are connected to the rib above the cartilage * lowest 2 pairs (floating ribs) are only attached to the vertebral column

Question 32

how does inhalation and exhalation occur

Answer 32

internal and external intercostal muscles occur between the ribs. on contraction of the external intercostal muscles, the ribcage moves upwards and outwards which results in inhalation exhalation takes place when the muscles relax

Question 33

what do the internal intercostal muscles do

Answer 33

they contract to force air out of the lungs, eg. when coughing or sneezing

Question 34

LABEL THE BONY THORAX

Answer 34

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Question 35

what are the functions of the bony thorax

Answer 35

1. protects the vital organs of the thoracic cavity (lungs, heart, major blood vessels) 2. supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs 3. provides attachment points for the muscles of the back, chest and shoulders 4. aids in breathing