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► Med - Year 1 > B cells and Antibodies > Flashcards

B cells and Antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

definition of antibodies (imunoglobulins)

A

proteins made and secreted to bind with antigens. Once bound, helps inactivate/clear out microbial (or non-microbial) agent

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2
Q

Ig structure

A

2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains

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3
Q

light chains isotypes and their frequnecy

A

kappa (60%), lambda (40%)

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4
Q

heavy chain isotypes

A 
α - IgA 1, 2
δ - IgD
γ - IgG 1, 2, 3, 4
ε - IgE
μ - IgM
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5
Q

FAB

A

fragment antigen binding: portion of antibody that binds antigen

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6
Q

FAB is produced by digestion of Ig with what enzyme?

A

Papain

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7
Q

Fc

A

Fragment crystallizable: effector function of Ig, binds with other things that have an Fc receptor

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8
Q

Fc contains which portion of the antibody molecule?

A

C-terminal portion

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9
Q

F(ab’2) and produced by which enzyme

A

Bivalent FAB fragment, produced by pepsin

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10
Q

Ig molecule consists of how many FAB and Fc fragments?

A

2 FAB and 1 Fc fragment

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11
Q

how many hypervariable regions (CDRs) are on each light and heavy chain? How many in total on an Ig?

A

3 on light chain, 3 on heavy chain, a total of six

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12
Q

Basis of specificity for antigen

A

HV regions = CDRs (complementarity determining regions)

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13
Q

What makes up one FAB region?

A

VL, VH

CL1 CH1

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14
Q

How many variable (heavy and light) domains are on an Ig?

A

On variable heavy, one variable light on each half of Ig, so in total, 2 VH and 2 VL

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15
Q

How many Constant light domains are on each Ig?

A

One CL on each side of Ig, so a total of 2 CL domains

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16
Q

How many constant heavy domains are there on each Ig? Which two Igs are an exception

A

3 constant heavy domains on each side, so 6 in total. IgM and IgE can have a fourth constant heavy domain

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17
Q

less variable regions aligning hypervariable regions that provide structural integrity to variable domains

A

framework residues

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18
Q

Isotype

A

constant regions of heavy/light chains

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19
Q

idiotype

A

antibodies with different variable domains

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20
Q

Igs that are complement activators

A

IgG and IgM

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21
Q

B-cell membrane receptors (mature cell)

A

IgM and IgD

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22
Q

First antibody during immune response

A

IgM

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23
Q

The only antibody produced by immature B-cell

A

IgM

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24
Q

2 fates of IgM and structural form for both

A
  • plasma membrane bound, serves as B cell receptor for antigen or B cell activator (monomer)
  • secreted from plasma, potent activator of compliment classical pathway (pentamer)
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25
Q

Second isotype of Ig produced

A

IgD

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26
Q

very similar to IgM but contains different Fc portion

A

IgD

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27
Q

the “glue” that hold a pentamer Ig together

A

J-chain

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28
Q

Ig with highest serum concentration

A

IgG

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29
Q

5 important properties of IgG

A

1) longest half life (much more stable, resists degradation) ~23 days
2) the only Ig that can cross placenta to provide fetus immunity
3) can perform ADCC
4) acts as an opsonin
5) compliment activator

30
Q

In opsonization, what party of the antibody binds to the bacteria? what part of the antibody binds to the phagocyte?

A

FAB binds to antigen of bacteria, FC site binds to an Fc (gamma) receptor on on phagocyte

31
Q

What receptor is needed for IgG to perform ADCC?

A

CD16

32
Q

Why is IgG a less efficient compliment pathway activator than IgM?

A

IgM is secreted as a pentamer, while IgG is a monomer, so its needs multiple monomers

33
Q

“Prepare to ingest”

A

Opsonin

34
Q

Ig involved in mucosal immunity

A

IgA

35
Q

IgA is secrete as what structure?

A

Dimer

36
Q

Which antibody does not activate compliment pathway? Way?

A

IgA, dont’ want a huge inflammatory response in GI tract

37
Q

Mild, neutralizing antibody

A

IgA

38
Q

This Ig is mostly found on epithelial cell surfaces and binds to bacterial toxin to prevent epithelial damage

A

IgA

39
Q

least common Ig, small amounts in circulation

A

IgE

40
Q

Ig for allergic reactions, hypersensitivity reactions, and parasitic infections

A

IgE

41
Q

This Ig is mainly found in lungs, skin, and mucous membranes

A

IgE

42
Q

Mast cells have these receptors fo IgE

A

Fc epsilon receptors

43
Q

Crosslinking of antibodies and antigen on mast cell causes what to occur and what to be released?

A

Degranulation of mast cells, release of histamine

binds to antigen first, then triggers opsonization

44
Q

mABs (3 properties)

A

monoclonal antibodies

  1. targets only a single polypeptide chain
  2. no variation between antibodies produced
  3. highly controllable
45
Q

Rituximab

A

mAB, marker on B cells, used in treatment of lymphoma and leukemia

46
Q

Infliximab

A

Anti-TNF (tumor necrosis factors, cause apoptosis)

hence why need to be careful with monoclonal antibodies. need these things as inflammatory mediator

47
Q

Monoclonal antibodies bind to the same _______ of antigen, which serves to detect and purify a substance

A

epitope

48
Q

Monoclonal antibodies work only because B-cells operate through this type of system

A 
Clonal selection
(each B-cell has a specific antibody as a cell surface receptor, and only B cells, which are antigen specific, can secrete antibodies. Produce antibody of a specific type which we can isolate and capture)
49
Q

What type of interaction occurs between an antibody and antigen

A

noncovalent

50
Q

Reaction between an antibody and an antigen that differs from the immunogen

A

Cross-reactivity

51
Q

Type B blood type have what type of antigens

A

B antigens

52
Q

Persons who are Type AB what what antigens

A

A and B antigens

53
Q

What antigens to persons with Type O have

A

have neither A nor B antigens

54
Q

The serum of people with Type A blood have what kind of antibodies

A

Antibodies against Type B antigens

55
Q

Type AB blood type have what kind of antibodies

A

Neither antibody

56
Q

Type O blood type have what antibodies

A

antibodies against A and B

57
Q

Universal Donor

A

Type O

58
Q

Universal recipients

A

Type AB (lack antibodies against A or B antigens

59
Q

True or False: A person with type O blood may receive from a person with Type B blood

A

False (a person with type O blood has anti-B antibodies which would react against the type B antigen found on the red cells of type B blood

60
Q

When Type B blood is given to a person with type A blood, antigen from the _____ reacts with anti-B antibody in the ____ (donor or recipient)

A

Donor, recipient

61
Q

Blood group antigens are a system of antigens that are ____ in nature

A

glycolipid

62
Q

What is the core glycan anchored in the erythrocyte membrane? Everyone has this, and will not react to this

A

Gal NAc–Gal–X
|
Fucose

Gal NAc =N-acetylated galactosamine
Gal= galactose
X= the R group that is different in each blood type

63
Q

X group for O

A

nothing

Gal NAc–Gal
|
Fucose

64
Q

X group for A

A

Gal NAc–Gal–GalNAc
|
Fucose

65
Q

X group for B

A

Gal NAc–Gal–Gal
|
Fucose

66
Q

immunogenicity

A

ability of a particular substance to induce an immune response (i.e. antigen or epitope)

67
Q

What elicits the blood group antibody reaction?

A

GI flora (commensal bacteria) generate proteins/sugars/etc that are foreign to humans. Immunse system response to these antigens, but the bacteria never leave the GI tract. Bacteria are harmless within the GI lumen. But antibodies are ready in case any bacteria does cross epithelium

68
Q

GI bacterial biproducts have structura similarity to

A

blood groups

69
Q

True or false: Individuals do not make specific antibodies against bacteria in the gut that are similar to their own blood type

A

True. They do not.

70
Q

Lipids and nucleic acids alone are (strong/weak) generators of antibodies

A

Weak. generate more robust response as lipoprotein or nucleoprotein, which will be processed by an APC

71
Q

If a lipoprotein is degraded by APC, which part does Th cell recognize? Which part does B cell recognize? (but relies on Th still)

A

Helper T cell recognizes the peptide. The B cell can recognize the lipid or carb part, but need Th cell from protein to help it recognize the lipid or carb.

► Med - Year 1 (48 decks)

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