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Microimm 2500 > (B) Lecture 16: Bacterial STDs > Flashcards

(B) Lecture 16: Bacterial STDs Flashcards

1
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

A RECOGNIZABLE DISEASE state that has developed from an infection

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2
Q

Sexually transmitted infection

A

A pathogen that causes INFECTION through sexual contact

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3
Q

Most common STIs

A
  • HIV
  • HPV
  • Hepatitis virus
  • Neisseira gonorrhoeae
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Treponema pallidum
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4
Q

History of Syphillis

A

Treponema pallidum

  • old disease (3000 BC)
  • “stranger” disease
  • mercury is first treatment for syph
  • COMPOUND 606 was the first potent treatment
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5
Q

History of Gonorrhea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

  • not clear when it officially appeared
  • some say it’s a disease from Ancient Greece
  • SULFONAMIDES decreased incidence
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6
Q

History of Chlamydia

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

  • HIDDEN disease under gonorrhoea and syph
  • Eric Dunlop was first to identify C. trachomatis as the cause of this genital infection
  • MOST COMMON bacterial STI since late 1990s
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7
Q

Obligate human pathogens

A
  • must be in contact w/ their host to survive and replicate
  • bacterial STDs have no other niche than human body (human-human contact is needed)
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8
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

agent of SYPHILLIS

  • spirochetes
  • unculturable (does not tolerate high temp, atmospheric O2 level)
  • sexual or mother/child transmission
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9
Q

T. pallidum disease

A
  • stage 1: no signs; maybe a sore
  • stage 2: body rash
  • stage 3: nothing visible outside; affects INTERNAL organs
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10
Q

T. pallidum virulence factors

A
  • slow to grow but need FEW cells to transmit
  • NO LPS and internal flagella
  • evade immune response
  • outer membrane proteins: attachment to epithelial cells (adheres to cell wall) and extracellular matrix
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11
Q

T. pallidum treatment

A

Diagnosis
- PCR
- serologic tests

NO vaccine available

Antibiotics treatment
- penicillin or doxycycline

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12
Q

Neisseria gonnorrhoeae

A
  • gram-NEGATIVE bacteria
  • diplococci
  • non-motile (adheres to cell wall)
  • obligate human pathogen
  • sexual transmission and mother/child
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13
Q

N. gonnorhoeae disease

A

MORE POTENT than syphillis

Female
- abdominal pain
- increased vaginal discharge
- painful urination
- painful intercourse
- vaginal bleeding btwn periods

Male
- DISCHARGE/EXUDATE from penis -
- swollen testicles
- painful urination
- UTI
- inflammation of penile

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14
Q

N. gonnorhoeae gender differences

A

Females are usually asymptomatic
Men are usually SYMPTOMATIC

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15
Q

Gonococcal conjunctivitis

A

white discharge from eyes

especially seen in mother/child transmission

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16
Q

N. gonorrhoeae cycle

A
  1. adherence to urogenital epithelium
  2. competition w/ resident microbiota
  3. colonization + invasion of epithelium
  4. release of peptidoglycans
  5. cytokine, chemokine and inflammatory response
  6. influx of neutrophils; phagocytosis of N. gonorrhoeae
  7. neutrophil-rich EXUDATE helps w/ transmission
17
Q

N. gonnorrhoeae virulence factors

A

Colonization/invasion:
- Type IV Pili
- Opa (Opacity protein)
- cell wall antigen (LOS)
- PorB (OM porin)

Immune modulation
- prevents complement activation, opsonization and bacterial killing
- modulates activities of macrophages, DCs and neutrophils
- modulates T cell function to avoid adaptive immunity

18
Q

N. gonorrhoea treatment

A

Diagnosis
- PCR
- culture

NO vaccine available

Antibiotics RESISTANCE (Mtr efflux pump) - antibiotics pumped out before it effects target

Urgent need for new therapeutics

19
Q

N. gonnorhoea antibiotic resistance

A

Antibiotics keep becoming resistant

Some antibiotics are no longer first-line antibiotics = keeps resistance low

Last resort: cephalosporin

20
Q

Visible complication to gonorrhoea

A

White discharge/exudate from neutrophils

21
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A
  • gram-NEGATIVE bacteria
  • thin or no PG layer
  • obligatory INTRACELLULAR pathogen (must be inside human)
  • sexual or mother/child transmission
22
Q

C. trachomatis disease

A

MOST ppl are asymptomatic

Female = 80-90% asymptomatic
- cervicitis
- prolonged menses, spotting + discharge
- tubing infertility or ectopic pregnancy

Male = Up to 90% asymptomatic
- urethritis (inflammation of urethra)
- dysuria + penile discharge

23
Q

C. trachomatis life cycle

A

Has 2 states: EB and RB

Elementary body = INFECTIOUS

Reticulate body = NOT infectious; made to REPLICATE; within cell

  • infectious EB enters
  • EB is circled by inclusion and differentiates to RB
  • RB fuses and replicates
  • persistent form reactivates; RB form differentiates to EB
  • EB accumulates and is released then exocytoses
24
Q

C. trachomatis virulence factors

A

LPS = presumably bind CFTR

MOMP (Major outer membrane protein) = mannose receptor on surface

Secretion system (T3SS, T2SS, T5SS)
- T3SS is the most important
- inject molecules that manipulate cytoskeleton to form inclusion around

25
Q

C. trachomatis Treatment

A

Diagnosis
- PCR
- Culture

NO vaccine available

Antibiotics treatment
- Azithromycin or doxycycline

26
Q

What body is infectious in C. trachomatis?

A

Elementary body

27
Q

Syphilis summary

A

Treponema pallidum

  • spirochete
  • unculturable
  • long time of growth/development of disease
28
Q

Gonorrhea summary

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea

  • diplococci (2 spheres) - coffee bean
  • male usually symptomatic
29
Q

Chlamydia summary

A

Chlamydia trichomatis

  • small ring of PG
  • MOST COMMON STIs
  • male and female asymptomatic
  • asymptomatic = so easy to transmit
30
Q

Main treatments for STIs

A

Antibitocs are main treatment for STIs

We’re at our last resort for N. gonorrhoea

31
Q

Association btwn STIs and HIV

A

STIs are bacterial while HIV is viral

  • behaviours that put someone at risk of STIs are also associated w/ behaviours associated w/ risk of HIV
  • sore or inflammation of reproductive tissue from an STD may allow infections w/ HIV that would be stopped by intact skin
32
Q

Prevention of STIs

A
  • not using condoms
  • multiple partners
  • anonymous partners
  • consumption of drugs and/or alcohol

Microimm 2500 (29 decks)

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