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Microimm 2500 > (I) Lecture 1: Introduction to Immunology > Flashcards

(I) Lecture 1: Introduction to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogens

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • p;arasites
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2
Q

T or F

Microbes are everywhere. Most of them cause disease

A

False

Microbes are everywhere. Most of them are innocuous (minority cause disease)

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3
Q

T or F

Adaptive immunity is the first to act in response to pathogenic microbes

A

False

Innate immunity is the first to act in response to pathogenic microroganism

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4
Q

What is our first line of defense against microbes?

A

Physical barriers (like skin and epithelia) are our first line of defense against microbes

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5
Q

T or F

All immune cells (phagocytes and lymphocytes) derive from a lymphoid progenitor?

A

Fales immune cells derive from both mylenoid progenitors (phagocytes) and lymphoid progenitors (lymphocytes

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6
Q

T or F

Our microbiome can protect us against infection from pathogenic microbes

A

True

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7
Q

What happens when the physical barriers are compromised?

A

Immune cells come to the rescue (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells)

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8
Q

How do cells communicate?

A

Through chemical signaling (cytokines and chemokines)

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9
Q

How is passive immunity achieved?

A

By acquiring immune cells/proteins from others

Can be natural (maternal) or artificial (from donors/transplants)

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10
Q

Where are parasites prevalent?

A

In tropical areas

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11
Q

Infectious Diseases

A

Caused by pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi

Can spread from environment or from person to another

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12
Q

Modes of Transmission of Diseases

A

Direct contact (skin-to-skin contact, kissing, sex)

Droplet spread (sneezing, coughing and talking)

Indirect
- airborne (dust or droplets suspended in air)
- vehicleborne (food, water, blood and fomites)
- vectorborne (mosquitoes, fleas and ticks)

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13
Q

Examples of infectious diseases

A
  • respiratory infections and TB
  • enteric infections
  • malaria and neglected tropical diseases
  • HIV/AIDS and STIs
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14
Q

Burden of Infectious Diseases

A

Burden of disease is closely related to GDP

Richer country (higher GDP) = lower burden
and vice versa

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15
Q

How has life expectancy improved over the years?

A

By controlling infectious diseases

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16
Q

Chain of infection

A
  1. Pathogen (bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite)
  2. Reservoir - where pathogen is found (people, animals, soil, food, water)
  3. Portal of Exit - reservoir to host (coughing/sneezing, bodily secretions, feces)
  4. Mode of Transmission (direct contact, indirect contact, vectors)
  5. Portal of Entry (mouth, nose, eyes, cuts in skin)
  6. Susceptible host (elderly, infants, immunocompromised, anyone)
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17
Q

Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

A
  • vaccines
  • safe food handling (foodborne pathogens)
  • good hygiene (washing hands, covering mouth to sneeze/cough)
  • water treatment and purification (waterborne disease)
  • sewage disposal (enteric pathogens)
  • condom during sex (STD)
  • reduced reservoir for infectious vectors like mosquitoes (malaria –> eliminate mosquitoes)
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18
Q

Endemic

A

Present ALL the time at EXPECTED levels in a population within a region

Can have fluctuations

ex. flu, common cold, malaria, Lyme disease

19
Q

Epidemic

A

Sudden rise in the number of cases ABOVE the normal endemic level of the region

20
Q

Outbreak

A

Sudden rise in the number of cases in a SMALLER community (daycare, hospital, nursing home)

21
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic on a GLOBAL scale

widespread over several regions, countries or continents

22
Q

What does our immune system do?

A

Barriers – keep pathogens from entering tissues

Cells – detects and destroys the invading cells

Cytokines/chemokines – passes message along to other cells

Memory – quickly responds to the pathogen and prepares for next time

23
Q

Main Immune Defenses

A

Anatomical barriers, Immune Cells, and Proteins

24
Q

Anatomical Barriers

A

Skin, Tissues and Commensal Microbiota

25
Q

Microbiota

A

Environmental factors (diet, maternal) and genetics help shape the microbiome (all microbes in the body)

Huge diversity, varies by location in the body

26
Q

Immune cells

A

White blood cells (leukocytes)
- Phagocytes and lymphocytes

Found in buffy coat of blood

Derived via hematopoiesis

27
Q

Blood

A

55% of total blood is plasma (blood hormones, clotting factors, proteins, enzymes and antibodies)

Buffy coat (<1%) has leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets

The remaining 45% contains erythrocytes (RBCs)

28
Q

How are blood cells derived?

A

All blood cells, including immune cells, are derived via hematopoiesis

29
Q

Phagocytes

A

Type of immune cell

From myloid progenitors

Ex. monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells

30
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Type of immune cell

From lymphoid progenitors

Ex. T cells, B cells, NK cells

31
Q

Neutrophil

A

uses chemical signaling to engulf bacteria

32
Q

Macrophage

A

detects IgG to know what cells to phacytose

33
Q

Proteins

A

secreted by cells

Ex. cytokines, complement proteins, antibodies

34
Q

Innate Immunity

A

happens FIRST

Through barriers, cells, and immune signaling

35
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

creates memory

T-cell and B-cell immunity

36
Q

Types of Immunity

A

Active immunity
Passive immunity
Passive Humoral Immunity

37
Q

Acquired Immunity

A

Immunity that develops during your lifetime

38
Q

Active Immunity

A

OWN BODY’s immune response is activated

Natural: antibodies develop in response to an infection

Artificial: antibodies develop in response to a vaccination

39
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Immune components are ACQUIRED from someone or somewhere else

Natural: antibodies received from MOTHER (pregnancy + breastmilk)

Artificial: antibodies received from a MEDICINE (ex. gamma globulin injection)

40
Q

Passive Humoral Immunity

A

Provided by the transfer of antibodies from a donor

IMMEDIATE, SHORT-TERM immunity (months)

41
Q

Natural Passive Immunity

A

During PREGNANCY, antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus

Vaccination during pregnancy also transfers protection to baby (ex. Tdap vaccine for tetanus, pertussis - whooping cough)

After birth, antibodies are transferred from mum to baby via breastmilk

42
Q

Immune System Development

A

Microbiome of a newborn is affected by the mother’s and the mode of delivery (natural vs C-section)
- it is shaped through infancy

Newborns have INNATE immunity but NO adaptive immunity until 1 year of age

43
Q

Artificial Passive Immunity

A

Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG)

  • Therapy treatment for patients w/ antibody deficiencies
  • Prepared from a pool of immunoglobulins (antibodies) from the plasma of thousands of healthy donors

Microimm 2500 (29 decks)

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