B P3 C15 Exercise Physiology and Exercise Electrocardiographic Testing Flashcards
Energy requirements at rest and for any given amount of physical activity (work rate) can be estimated from measurements of
Total-body oxygen uptake ( Vo2 )
1 MET is resting energy expenditure and is approximately _____ mL O2/kg BW/min
3.5 mL O2/kg body weight/min
________ peak oxygen uptake achieved during performance of the highest level of dynamic exercise involving large muscle groups and by definition cannot be exceeded despite increases in work rate.
VO2 max
Stroke volume in healthy persons generally plateaus at _______ of Vo 2 max.
50% to 60%
Myocardial oxygen demand is related to:
HR
BP
LV contractility (myocardial shortening per beat)
LV wall stres
LV _________ is related to LV pressure, wall thickness, and cavity size.
LV wall stress
_________ reliable index of myocardial oxygen demand and can be readily assessed clinically.
Rate-pressure product (product of HR and SBP)
_________ reliable index of myocardial oxygen demand and can be readily assessed clinically.
Rate-pressure product (product of HR and SBP)
During acute endurance (high-repetition/low-resistance) exercise (e.g., walking or cycling), ________ rises in response to the metabolic needs of the exercising muscles
Cardiac output
Diminution of _______ and a rise in sympathetic tone lead to an increase in HR and LV contractility.
Vagal tone
Stroke volume also rises because of increases in __________, and blood flow is redistributed from the renal, splanchnic, and cutaneous circulation to the exercising muscles.
Venous return of blood from exercising muscles
Accumulation of metabolites in the actively contracting muscles causes __________ of muscle arterioles, which increases skeletal muscle blood flow up to four times that of resting levels and results in a reduction in aortic outflow impedance.
Vasodilation
Systolic BP increases mostly because of the rise in cardiac output, whereas diastolic BP either remains _______ or ______ as a result of the reduction in vascular resistance.
Constant or falls
Dynamic arm exercise elicits __________ at any given work rate than does dynamic leg exercise.
Higher HR and BP responses
This type of exercise generates an increased sympathetic response, leading to an increase in HR; however, venous return, especially during straining, may decrease.
Resistance (low-repetition/high-load) exercise (e.g., weightlifting)
The rise in cardiac output is relatively small in comparison to that achieved with endurance exercise and is primarily caused by ________ in HR
Increases in HR
Muscle contraction during resistance exercise generates compressive force on muscle capillaries that leads to ______ peripheral resistance
Elevated peripheral resistance
This rise in vascular resistance coupled with an increase in cardiac output yields an increase in both ___________
Systolic and diastolic BP
In healthy persons during acute exercise, coronary arteries __________ and coronary blood flow __________ in response to the increases in myocardial oxygen demand.
Dilate and coronary blood flow rises
In general, a 50% to 70% reduction in luminal diameter will _______ reactive hyperemia, whereas 90% or greater stenosis will _______ resting flow
Peak reactive hyperemia
Reduce resting flow
Atherosclerotic arteries often _______________ thus further reducing the supply of blood in the setting of increased demand.
Fail to dilate and may actually constrict with exercise
Absolute contraindications to Exercise Testing
Acute MI within 2 days
High-risk unstable angina
Uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia with hemodynamic compromise
Active endocarditis
Symptomatic severe AS
Decompensated HF
Acute PE or pulmonary infarction
Acute myocarditis or pericarditis
Physical disability that precludes safe and adequate testing
Relative contraindications to Exercise Testing
Known LM coronary artery stenosis
Moderate AS + uncertain relation to symptoms
Tachyarrhythmias + uncontrolled ventricular rates
Acquired complete heart block
HCM with severe resting gradient
Mental impairment with limited ability to cooperate
More common form of physiologic stress (i.e., walking) in which patients are more likely to attain a higher oxygen uptake and peak HR than during stationary cycling
Treadmill testing