B P3 C22 Invasive Hemodynamic Diagnosis of Cardiac Disease Flashcards
(84 cards)
Give 3 indications for cardiac catheterization
- Suspected or known coronary artery disease
- Myocardial infarction
- SCD
- Valvular heart disease
- Congenital heart disease
- Aortic dissection
- Pericardial constriction or tamponade
- Cardiomyopathy
- Initial and follow up assessment for heart transplant
Major complications of cardiac catheterization
Major vascular complications 1%
Death 0.2%
Ventricular tachycardia, fibrillation, serious arrhythmia 0.5%
Cerebrovascular accident 0.07%
Myocardial infarction 0.05%
Relative complications to cardiac catheterization
Aortic dissection
Cardiac perforation, tamponade
Congestive heart failure
Contrast reaction (anaphylaxis, nephrotoxicity) Heart block, asystole
Hemorrhage (local, retroperitoneal, pelvic) Infection
Protamine reaction
Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, atrial fibrillation
Thrombosis, embolus, air embolus
Vascular injury, pseudoaneurysm
Vasovagal reaction
Vascular complications occurred more often when the ____________ approach was used and least when the radial approach was used.
Brachial Artery
Compared with femoral artery access, transradial procedures have a lower _____________ and ________________, superior patient comfort, and improved efficiency in postprocedural care.
A. Lower risk of bleeding
B. Vascular complications
True or False
Documentation of adequate dual blood supply to the hand by either the Allen or the Barbeau test is no longer required in most patients.
True
The skin entry site for radial access
1 to 2 cm cranial to the bony prominence of the distal radius
Given to prevent postprocedural radial artery occlusion
5000 units of unfractionated heparin IV bolus or
UFH weight-adjusted (50 units per kg)
Measures to prevent arterial vasopasm during radial access
Adequate sedation
Avoidance of limb cooling
Vasodilators - Nitroglycerin (100 to 200 mcg) and Verapamil (2.5 mg)
Other approaches - SL NTG, and/or intra aterial Diltiazem or Nicardipine
The optimal puncture location during femoral vascular access is the __________________________
Common femoral artery (CFA)
Familiarity with the anatomy will assist in identifying the point of needle entry, usually 1 to 3 cm below the inguinal ligament, in line with the palpable course of the CFA
In femoral artery vascular access, point of needle entry ______________
Landmark to be identified prior to entry _____________________________
A. 1 to 3 cm below the inguinal ligament, in line with the palpable course of the CFA
B. Inferior edge of the femoral head by fluoroscopy
.Accidental cannulation of the _____ artery may result in limb ischemia or inability to accommodate vascular closure devices.
Superficial or profunda femoral artery
This occurs with puncture that are above the inferior epigastric artery
Retroperitoneal hematoma
Punctures below the profunda and superficial femoral artery bifurcation will result to these vascular complications
Pseudoaneursym
Arteriovenous fistula formation
Accidental cannulation of the superficial or profunda femoral artery may result in __________________ or ________________________
A. Limb ischemia
B. Inability to accommodate vascular closure devices
Femoral sheaths should not be removed until the activated clotting time (ACT) is _______________ unless a vascular closure device is being used.
Less than 160 to 180 seconds
Prosthetic peripheral vascular grafts are the most problematic vascular challenges because of the __________________ and potential for _________________________
A. Lack of adequate closure
B. Thrombotic occlusion
Femoral vein access
Using the femoral arterial pulse as a landmark, the femoral vein sits approximately _____________ to the femoral artery.
If a combined arterial and venous access is needed, the venous puncture site is ___________ and ______________ to the planned arterial entry site.
A. 1 cm medial to CFA
B. 0.5 to 1 cm medial
C. 0.5 to 1 cm caudal
After the procedure is completed, venous hemostasis can be achieved with light finger pressure applied over the vein as described for femoral artery sheath removal. Usually only _____ minutes of compression is needed to obtain adequate hemostasis. (Femoral vein access)
5-10 mins
Brachial vein access
The _____________________ is preferred to avoid the acute angulation of the cephalic vein system as it joins with the axillary vein
Medial antecubital vein
The internal jugular (IJ) vein, especially the right IJ, is the preferred venous access because of the ffg advantages:
Greater patient comfort and lower infectious risk vs femoral
Reduced risk of pneumothorax vs subclavian
The internal jugular vein is located _____. For access, the patient is instructed to lie supine with the head turned 30 degrees to the contralateral side. Patients with low venous pressure may require leg elevation to increase venous filling volume. Routine use of ultrasound imaging facilitates localization of the IJ and can verify its patency. The use of ultrasound is recommended by national guidelines and reduces the overall risk of complications (carotid artery puncture,in particular) by 70%
Lateral to the carotid artery in the anatomic triangle of the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the clavicle
Left heart catheterization
_________________ to the left ventricle is commonly performed using a straight or angled pigtail-shaped catheter
What catheters/guidewire to use/preferred:
Dilated aortic roots or horizontally oriented hearts
Small aortic roots
Bicuspid aortic valve
Screlotic/stenotic AV
What pressure measurements needed for
Aortic stenosis
Mitral stenosis
A. Retrograde access
B. Guiewire/catheters:
Dilated aortic roots or horizontally oriented hearts - angled pigtail catheter
Small aortic roots - R Judkins then exchange with pigtail catheter
Bicuspid aortic valve - L Amplatz (useful also in AS)
Screlotic/stenotic AV - straight guidewire vs J-tipped (increased risk for dislodging material from AV/aorta)
AS - simultaneous LV and aortic pressures (dual or MP + high fidelity pressure sensor guidewire)
MS - simultaneous LV and PCWP/LA pressures with 2 transudcers
A __________________ is the cyclic force generated by cardiac muscle contraction
This is influenced by factors:
Force of the contracting chamber
Chamber ___________ (extrinsic and intrinsic)
Physiologic variables of _________ rate, ____________ cycle, and vascular resistance
A. Pressure wave
B. Compliance
C. Heart rate
D. Respiratory cycle