B Plants for Food and Fibre Flashcards
(494 cards)
1
Q
seed plants
A
- plants that make seeds
- the largest plant group in the world
E.g.: daisies, cottonwood trees, wheat, orchids and many others
2
Q
What are the parts of a seed plant?
A
- roots
- stems
- leaves
- flowers
- cones
- seeds
3
Q
What do roots do?
A
- absorb water
- absorb dissolved nutrients
- anchor the plant in the soil
4
Q
What do stems do?
A
- provide a pathway for movement of water and food
- support the leaves and reproductive structures
5
Q
What do leaves do?
A
- produce food for the plant
- exchange gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide (take in and release both)
- allow water to exit the plant
6
Q
What do flowers usually have?
A
- both male and female reproductive parts
7
Q
What do seeds contain?
A
- embryo that will form a new plant
- a food supply for the embryo
8
Q
What are the processes that move water up a plant?
A
- osmosis is the process where water enters the roots
- capillary action is the process that brings water up the roots
- transpiration is the process that evaporates water from the surface of the plant, mainly from the leaves
These processes work together to enable the water to move up through the plant (allowing it to enter, move up, and exit)
9
Q
What is osmosis?
A
When the concentration of water in the soil is greater than the concentration of water in the roots of the plant, water moves into the root cells
10
Q
What is capillary action?
A
- water travels from the roots to the leaves through tiny tubes in the roots and stems because: 1. water particles are attracted to one another (water is polar with a positive and negative side, and positive and negative attract like a magnet)
2. the water particles are attracted to the sides of the tiny tubes
11
Q
What is transpiration?
A
- evaporation of water from the surface of the plant
- mainly evaporates through the leaves
- water moves up to replace the water that evaporated
transpiration is seen as the main process that brings water up the plant, since water only moves up if there is space above for it to move there
12
Q
In capillary action, why does water move up tubes when they are really narrow?
A
- narrow tubes create a situation where the force of gravity is less than the force of attraction to the sides of the narrow tube
- if the tubes were wider, this process would not occur
13
Q
What happens to the plant when there is too little water in the soil?
A
- the plant wilts because transpiration and capillary action still occurs, but osmosis is not able to happen, meaning that there is less water in the plant stem and other parts
- water is required to keep the plant standing upright by helping to hold up the cell walls
14
Q
What is a chloroplast? What reaction takes place in the chloroplast?
A
- it is a structure inside leaf cells
- it captures the sun’s energy
- it joins carbon dioxide and water together to make sugar in a process called photosynthesis
15
Q
What are some key parts of a leaf cell?
A
- nucleus
- chloroplast
- cell wall
- cell membrane
(There are more, but these are the ones that grade sevens should know)
16
Q
What is a cell membrane?
A
- surrounds the plant cell
- has pores
- some smaller particles can enter through the pores, but not all particles can, much like a filter works
17
Q
What are pores?
A
- tiny openings
18
Q
What processes move substances in and out of plant cells?
A
- diffusion (different concentrations cause movement of non-water material)
- active transport (energy is used to make particles move the opposite way than they would travel when unaided)
- osmosis (different concentrations cause water movement, used in the roots to absorb water)
19
Q
Where does osmosis occur?
A
- roots to absorb water
- throughout the plant to move water from stem to other parts of the plant
(capillary action is what moves the water up the tubes in the stems, but otherwise water movement happens from osmosis alongside the fact that water is transpirating or evaporating out of the leaves allowing osmosis to occur)
20
Q
What is diffusion?
A
- movement of particles such as red food colouring throughout another substance such as water due to the high to low concentration flow
- if water is moving then it is called osmosis so diffusion is the movement of non-water particles
21
Q
life cycle
A
the stages that a living thing passes through to go from one generation to the next
22
Q
What is the life cycle of a seed plant?
A
–> seed –> seedling –> adult plant (production of flowers or a cone)–> pollination process creates a seed
23
Q
What are the female parts of a flower?
A
- ovule
- ovary
- stigma
The pollen lands on the stigma and travels down to the ovary where the ovule is found inside
24
Q
What are the male parts of a flower?
A
- pollen
- anther
The pollen is held in the anther
25
How does pollination work in conifers?
- both male cones and female cones are present
- pollen from male cones enters female cones and seeds develop on the female cones
- the wind usually carries the pollen from male to female cone
26
pollinators
- needed when the plant itself cannot rely on the wind to carry pollen from male to female part of the plant
- organisms that carry pollen from one flower to another such as birds, insects, and bats
- pollinators benefit from the nectar that is a sugary liquid that they drink
27
How does pollen transfer with grain plants?
- the wind, just like with conifers
28
What are the methods of reproduction of plants?
1. pollination creating a seed
2. vegetative reproduction
- runners
- rhizomes
- suckers
29
What are runners?
Vegetative reproduction where long stems run across the surface of the soil and then new roots grow farther out from where the original plant is located
30
What are rhizomes?
- underground stems that enable vegetative reproduction further away from the original plant
31
What are bulbs, tubers, and corms?
Underground stems that remain close to the plant usually to help store energy throughout the winter.
32
Suckers
- new plants that form on roots of the parent plant
33
cuttings
- small pieces of a plant that usually have a part of the stem and a few leaves
34
grafting
- attaching a part of one plant onto another plant
35
What are ways that plants have adapted to dry environments?
- stems of cacti are thick to store more water
- cacti have tiny spines to protect the stored water from predators
- grasses have thin leaves so that many can fit in one place and this helps them to be pollinated by wind in case pollinators are not able to do this but also the roots are deeper in some wild grasses to seek water further below ground
- some plants like comfrey have really deep taproots to allow them to get water deep down
36
What makes plants different from each other?
They have different requirements of:
- light
- water
- nutrients
- space
Plant the right plant in the right spot
37
What are the benefits of plants?
- provide oxygen
- provide shelter
- provide food and fibre (cloth and wooden shelters can be made from fibre)
- build and protect soil
- provide medicine
38
What are living resources?
living things that can be used for human needs such as forests, or other plants, but also include animals :( Also it is sad when we cut down forests faster than they can grow back!
39
What is in soil?
- tiny particles with spaces between them that can hold water and air
- the particles can be organic (made from plants and animals that were once living)
- the particles can be inorganic too (small rock fragments like sand, or even smaller like clay)
40
What are three major types of soil?
- sandy
- clay
- loam
41
Describe sandy soil
- runs between your fingers with few lumps
- moistened soil will not stick together
- mostly minerals and little humus (humus is organic matter that is partly decomposed)
- water passes through it easily
42
What are characteristics of clay soil?
- feels slippery when wet and sticks together
- when dry it is very hard
- lots of minerals and little humus
- air cannot enter easily
- holds water well
43
What are the characteristics of loam soil?
- crumbly like a moist cake
- forms a loose ball when wet and squeezed
- balance between mineral and organic particles
- lots of nutrients
44
crop rotation
- used to keep soil healthy by changing what plants are in that area so that nutrients have time to be replenished before the next set of plants are planted needing the same nutrients
45
How can you keep soil healthy?
- don't remove organic matter
- if you do remove organic matter, replace it with compost
- don't use pesticides and herbicides
- don't compact the soil by walking over it constantly
- plant a variety of plants in one place
- favour perenials that are adapted to the area rather than constantly disrupting the soil and the living things in it to plant every year
46
unintended consequence
when you try to fix a situation but something else occurs or the situation is fixed but you cause another problem
47
monoculture
planting the same plants so there is no biodiversity
this leads to unhealthy soil and a tough or killing living environment for the organisms that could have lived there
48
What are seed plants?
Plants that make seeds, examples include daisies, cottonwood trees, wheat, and orchids.
49
What is the largest group of plants in the world?
Seed plants.
50
What is the main takeaway about the structures of seed plants?
Although they look different, the structures that make up seed plants are the same.
51
What is the function of flowers in seed plants?
Each flower usually has both male and female parts for reproduction
## Footnote
Flowers are crucial for the reproductive process in seed plants.
52
What role do stems play in seed plants?
Provide a pathway for movement of water and food, support the leaves and reproductive structures
## Footnote
Stems are essential for maintaining the structure and function of the plant.
53
What do seeds contain?
An embryo that will form a new plant and a food supply for the embryo
## Footnote
Seeds are vital for the propagation of plant species.
54
What are the primary functions of leaves in seed plants?
Produce food for the plant, take in and release oxygen and carbon dioxide, allow water to exit the plant
## Footnote
Leaves are key in photosynthesis and gas exchange.
55
What is the purpose of cones in seed plants?
There are separate male and female cones for reproduction
## Footnote
Cones are a reproductive structure in certain seed plants, particularly gymnosperms.
56
What do roots do in seed plants?
Absorb water and dissolved nutrients, anchor the plant in the soil
## Footnote
Roots are essential for stability and nutrient uptake.
57
Fill in the blank: Each flower usually has both _______ and female parts for reproduction.
male
## Footnote
This highlights the dual reproductive capability of flowers.
58
True or False: Stems only provide structural support to leaves.
False
## Footnote
Stems also facilitate the movement of water and food within the plant.
59
What percentage of the water a plant takes in is lost through its leaves?
More than 90%
## Footnote
This emphasizes the importance of regular watering for plants.
60
What two substances do plants need to transport?
Water and food
## Footnote
Water moves up from roots, while food moves down from leaves.
61
Do plants have a heart or a pump to move water and nutrients?
No
## Footnote
Plants rely on other mechanisms to transport substances.
62
Fill in the blank: Plants transport water and nutrients without a _______.
pump
## Footnote
This leads to discussions about alternative methods of fluid movement.
63
What is the main process that draws water up from a plant's roots?
Transpiration
## Footnote
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from the surface of the plant, mainly from the leaves.
64
How does transpiration facilitate water movement in plants?
Water particles evaporate from the leaves, and more water particles move up to take their place
## Footnote
This creates a continuous movement of water from the roots to the leaves.
65
What is capillary action in the context of water movement in plants?
The movement of water through tiny tubes in the roots and stems
## Footnote
Water particles are attracted to each other and to the sides of the tubes, assisting in the upward movement.
66
What causes water particles to 'stick' to one another in plants?
Attraction between water particles
## Footnote
This attraction also helps water move up through the plant.
Water is polar which means it is slightly negative on one side and slightly positive on the other side. The negative side of one water molecule is attracted to the positive side of the other molecule. Water is like this because of the electronegativity difference between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms that make up water.
67
What is the process called by which water enters root cells?
Osmosis
## Footnote
Osmosis occurs when the concentration of water in the soil is greater than in the roots.
68
When does water move into the root cells of a plant?
When the concentration of water in the soil is greater than in the roots
## Footnote
This movement is essential for plant hydration.
69
What happens to a plant if there is too little water in the soil?
The plant wilts
## Footnote
This occurs if the plant continues to lose water from its leaves.
70
Fill in the blank: Water moves up a plant through _______ and capillary action.
Transpiration
71
True or False: Capillary action only occurs in wide tubes.
False
## Footnote
Capillary action is most effective in narrow tubes.
72
What visual experiment can demonstrate transpiration?
Placing a plastic bag over a plant and sealing it shut
## Footnote
This will show how water vapor collects in the bag due to transpiration.
73
What is the process by which plants make their own food?
Photosynthesis
## Footnote
Photosynthesis involves using sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.
74
What type of sugar is produced during photosynthesis?
Typically glucose
75
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Energy + carbon dioxide + water → sugar + oxygen
## Footnote
Cellular respiration is the process of photosynthesis in reverse.
76
Where does photosynthesis primarily take place in plants?
Chloroplasts
## Footnote
Chloroplasts are specialized structures inside the leaves of seed plants.
77
What do chloroplasts capture to facilitate photosynthesis?
The sun's energy
## Footnote
This energy is crucial for the process of converting carbon dioxide and water into sugar.
78
What are the waste products of cellular respiration in plants?
Carbon dioxide and water
## Footnote
These are produced when plants use sugar for energy.
79
What process do plants undergo to utilize the sugar produced during photosynthesis?
Cellular respiration
## Footnote
This process allows plants to convert sugar into usable energy.
80
Fill in the blank: Photosynthesis produces _______ as a byproduct.
Oxygen
## Footnote
Oxygen is released into the atmosphere during photosynthesis.
81
True or False: Photosynthesis occurs in all parts of a plant.
False
## Footnote
Photosynthesis primarily occurs in the leaves where chloroplasts are concentrated.
82
What do plants require to perform photosynthesis?
Energy from the sun, carbon dioxide, and water
## Footnote
These are the essential inputs for the photosynthesis process.
83
What is the definition of diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, until there is an equal number of particles everywhere.
## Footnote
Diffusion occurs until equilibrium is reached.
84
What is required for diffusion to take place into or out of a cell?
A difference between the concentration of a substance inside and outside a cell.
## Footnote
This difference creates a gradient that drives the movement of particles.
85
What role does the cell membrane play in plant cells?
Acts as a filter, keeping some substances inside and allowing others to move in and out.
## Footnote
The membrane has tiny openings or pores that control particle movement.
86
What is active transport?
A process that uses energy to move substances in and out of plant cells.
## Footnote
Unlike diffusion, active transport does not require a concentration gradient.
87
What happens when a drop of food dye is added to water?
You get one small area with a lot of dye particles and a large area with none, demonstrating concentration differences.
## Footnote
This visualizes the concept of diffusion as the dye particles spread out.
88
How many grams of sugar would be in each milliliter of water if 3 g of sugar is stirred into 9.3 mL of water?
0.322 g/mL.
## Footnote
Calculation: 3 g / 9.3 mL = 0.322 g/mL.
89
What is concentration in the context of solutions?
The number of particles of one substance in a certain volume of another substance.
## Footnote
Concentration is a key factor in determining how substances will diffuse.
90
What types of particles can move in and out of a plant cell by diffusion?
Particles that are small enough to fit through the membrane pores.
## Footnote
This includes water and certain other substances.
91
True or False: Diffusion requires energy to occur.
False.
## Footnote
Diffusion is a passive process that does not require energy.
92
What must happen for a plant to transport the sugar made in its leaves?
It must move the sugar throughout its body and also move water out of the stem into the rest of its cells.
## Footnote
This is essential for the plant's growth and metabolism.
93
What is osmosis?
The movement of water particles through a membrane from a cell with high water concentration to a cell with low water concentration
## Footnote
Osmosis is crucial for maintaining cell health and function.
94
What happens when the water concentration inside a cell is lower than outside?
Water particles move into the cell through the cell membrane
95
What occurs when the water concentration inside a cell is higher than outside?
The cell loses water to the outside
96
In which direction do water particles usually move in a plant cell?
Water usually moves out of the cells in the stem to the rest of the plant cells
97
What gas do plants use in photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide gas
98
What gas do plants produce during photosynthesis?
Oxygen gas
99
What gas do plants use during cellular respiration?
Oxygen
100
What gas do plants produce during cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide
101
What is gas exchange in plants?
The process of gases entering and leaving the plant
102
Fill in the blank: Osmosis moves water particles from a cell with a high water concentration to a cell with a _______.
low water concentration
103
True or False: Osmosis can occur through membranes that only allow water particles to pass.
True
104
What do tiny openings in the leaf allow to diffuse?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
105
What type of particles does the membrane in the example allow to pass through?
Water particles
106
What is the concentration of water particles on side A if water moves from A to B?
Higher than on side B
107
What type of particles cannot pass through the membrane in the example?
Sugar particles
108
What begins the life cycle of seed plants?
A seed begins to grow into a plant
## Footnote
The life cycle of seed plants starts with the germination of the seed.
109
What is a life cycle?
The stages that a living thing passes through to go from one generation to the next
## Footnote
Life cycles vary among different organisms but generally include stages of growth, reproduction, and death.
110
What are the initial signs of crop growth after planting?
The first shoots appear
## Footnote
This indicates that the seed has germinated and is beginning to develop.
111
What happens to wheat plants by the end of the season?
The field is covered with healthy plants that have rows of seeds on their stems
## Footnote
This signifies that the plants have matured and are ready for harvest.
112
Fill in the blank: A life cycle for seed plants starts when a ______ begins to grow into a plant.
[seed]
113
What does the life cycle of a wheat plant conclude with?
The plant produces seeds of its own
## Footnote
This completes the cycle, allowing for the next generation of plants.
114
True or False: The life cycle of a plant includes only the growth stage.
False
## Footnote
The life cycle includes multiple stages, including germination, growth, reproduction, and seed production.
115
What is an example of a plant mentioned that goes through a life cycle?
Wheat
## Footnote
Wheat is a common crop that exemplifies the life cycle of seed plants.
116
What type of tree will a coconut eventually grow into?
A tall palm tree
## Footnote
This demonstrates the growth potential of certain seed plants.
117
What are the three stages in the life cycle of a seed plant?
* The Seed Stage
* The Seedling Stage
* The Adult Stage
## Footnote
The stages are often represented as connecting points on a circle.
118
What are the three main parts of a seed?
* The embryo
* Stored food
* Seed coat
## Footnote
The stored food may surround the embryo or be part of it in some plant species.
119
What does the embryo use to survive until it can photosynthesize?
Stored food
## Footnote
This stored food is crucial for the embryo's initial growth.
120
What happens during the seedling stage?
* Grows very fast
* Produces new leaves
* Produces new roots
* Produces new stems
## Footnote
Seedlings can also produce their own food through photosynthesis.
121
What do seedling plants need from the soil?
Nutrients
## Footnote
These nutrients are essential for building new parts of the plant.
122
When is a plant considered an adult?
When it produces reproductive structures
## Footnote
For seed plants, these structures are either a flower or cone.
123
Fill in the blank: A seed has three main parts: the ______, stored food, and a seed coat.
embryo
124
True or False: Seedling plants do not require nutrients from the soil.
False
## Footnote
Seedling plants require nutrients from the soil to grow and develop.
125
Fill in the blank: The adult stage of a plant is characterized by the production of ______ structures.
reproductive
126
What is the process by which seed plants make seeds?
Pollination
## Footnote
Pollination is essential for the reproduction of seed plants.
127
What is the male part of the flower involved in pollination called?
Pollen
## Footnote
Pollen grains are small, sticky cells produced in large quantities by plants.
128
What does the ovary of a flower contain?
Ovule
## Footnote
The ovule develops into a seed after pollination.
129
What is the first step in the pollination process?
A pollen grain lands on the stigma
## Footnote
The stigma is located above the ovary in the flower.
130
What structure grows from the pollen grain to the ovule during pollination?
Pollen tube
## Footnote
The pollen tube facilitates the transfer of cells from the pollen to the ovule.
131
What type of plants produce cones?
Conifers
## Footnote
Conifers have separate male and female cones for reproduction.
132
What do male cones produce?
Pollen
## Footnote
Male cones are responsible for pollen production in conifers.
133
What is a pollinator?
An organism that carries pollen from one flower to another
## Footnote
Common pollinators include birds, insects, and bats.
134
How do some plants, like conifer trees, get pollinated?
By wind
## Footnote
These plants release pollen into the air for wind pollination.
135
What do pollinators seek in flowers?
Nectar
## Footnote
Nectar is a sugary liquid that attracts pollinators.
136
What happens when a pollinator enters a flower?
It becomes coated in pollen
## Footnote
This allows the pollinator to transfer pollen to another flower.
137
How do growers ensure that crops like corn are pollinated?
By planting them in rows a particular distance apart
## Footnote
This arrangement helps facilitate wind pollination.
138
True or False: Many fruit growers keep beehives near their plants to assist with pollination.
True
## Footnote
Bees are effective pollinators for many fruit-bearing plants.
139
What is reproduction without seeds called?
Vegetative reproduction
## Footnote
This type of reproduction involves plants that are genetically identical.
140
What are plants produced by vegetative reproduction?
Genetically identical plants
## Footnote
They arise from a single parent plant.
141
What is a runner in plant reproduction?
A long stem that grows along the surface of the soil
## Footnote
Runners allow plants to spread and reproduce vegetatively.
142
What are rhizomes?
Underground stems that run horizontally
## Footnote
They help in vegetative reproduction by producing new shoots.
143
What are bulbs, tubers, and corms?
Types of underground stems produced close to the plant
## Footnote
These structures store nutrients and facilitate vegetative reproduction.
144
What are suckers in plant reproduction?
New plants that form on roots
## Footnote
Suckers are often used to propagate fruit trees and berry plants.
145
How does the horticultural industry use vegetative reproduction?
To produce many plants seen in nurseries
## Footnote
Millions of spring bulbs are produced through vegetative methods each year.
146
What are cuttings in plant reproduction?
Small pieces of a plant that usually have a part of the stem and a few leaves.
147
What is required for almost all plants to produce new roots?
A cut stem under the right conditions.
148
What is grafting in plant reproduction?
Attaching a part of one plant onto another plant.
149
What typically gets grafted onto another plant?
A small branch of one plant.
150
What happens to the two sections of a grafted plant over time?
They eventually grow together.
151
True or False: All plants can reproduce from cuttings.
True.
152
Fill in the blank: Almost all plants can produce new roots from a cut _______.
stem.
153
What is the primary purpose of using cuttings in plant propagation?
To produce new plants.
154
What type of plants are often grown by humans that do not produce seeds?
Seedless plants.
155
What are cuttings in plant reproduction?
Small pieces of a plant that usually have a part of the stem and a few leaves.
156
What is required for almost all plants to produce new roots?
A cut stem under the right conditions.
157
What is grafting in plant reproduction?
Attaching a part of one plant onto another plant.
158
What typically gets grafted onto another plant?
A small branch of one plant.
159
What happens to the two sections of a grafted plant over time?
They eventually grow together.
160
True or False: All plants can reproduce from cuttings.
True.
161
Fill in the blank: Almost all plants can produce new roots from a cut _______.
stem.
162
What is the primary purpose of using cuttings in plant propagation?
To produce new plants.
163
What type of plants are often grown by humans that do not produce seeds?
Seedless plants.
164
What do plants have to do to survive in a specific environment?
Plants must be adapted to that environment.
165
What is one adaptation of cacti in dry environments?
Cacti have thick stems that store water.
166
How do cactus leaves adapt to their environment?
Cactus leaves are tiny spines that protect the stem and its stored water from predators.
167
What is the advantage of grasses having narrow thin leaves?
It allows many individuals to be in one place, aiding in wind pollination.
168
How do the roots of grasses help them adapt?
The depth of grass roots helps them adapt to occasional drought conditions.
169
What adaptation do sunflowers have to maximize sunlight exposure?
Sunflowers have large, wide leaves to catch lots of sun.
170
Why do many plants produce bright flowers and sweet nectar?
To attract insects like bees for pollination.
171
Fill in the blank: Plants must have _______ to survive in their environments.
[adaptations]
172
True or False: All plants have the same adaptations for their environments.
False
173
List three adaptations of plants in dry environments.
* Thick stems for water storage
* Tiny spines for leaf protection
* Deep roots for drought resistance
174
What type of leaves do white spruce trees have?
Thin needle-like leaves with a thick resin coating
## Footnote
The resin coating protects the plant from drying out.
175
What is the function of fibrous roots in some plants?
They form a thick mat that gathers water at the upper layers of the soil
## Footnote
This adaptation helps the plant access moisture more efficiently.
176
What type of root system do some plants have that allows them to access deep water?
Long taproots
## Footnote
These roots enable the plant to reach water that other plants cannot.
177
What adaptation do some native plants have for short growing seasons?
They produce seeds in less than two months
## Footnote
An example of such a plant is wild mustard.
178
What do the slopes of the Rocky Mountains above the treeline look like?
Barren and cold
179
What types of plants are found on or near the tops of the Rockies?
Plants adapted to harsh environments
180
What is essential for understanding plant needs?
Understanding structures and life processes of plants
181
What are examples of variations in plant structures?
Leaves, stems, and roots
182
The wide range of differences in plant structures shows what?
How plants are successfully adapted to different environments
183
Fill in the blank: The bird of paradise flower has a unique _______.
Structure
184
True or False: Plants in extreme environments do not show variations in structures.
False
185
What is the significance of studying plant structures?
Helps interpret their needs
186
What is the benefit of growing plants in greenhouses?
Plants grown in greenhouses grow faster, bigger, and produce more flowers or fruit than plants grown outside.
187
Do all plants require the same amount of light?
No, some plants need lots of light while others need shade.
188
Which plant needs less light, a fern or a marigold?
A fern needs less light than a marigold.
189
What happens to a plant if it doesn't get enough water?
A plant will die if it doesn't get enough water.
190
Can plants get too much water?
Yes, plants can also get too much water.
191
What type of plants are easily damaged by too much water?
Plants adapted to grow in very dry conditions, like cactus.
192
What do plants need from the soil for healthy growth?
Plants need nutrients from the soil for healthy growth.
193
List the main nutrients that plants need.
* nitrogen
* phosphorous
* potassium
* calcium
* magnesium
194
What happens to plants that do not get enough nitrogen?
Their leaves will be yellow instead of green.
195
Which plants can take nitrogen from the air instead of the soil?
Plants such as beans, peas, and clover.
196
Why do all plants need enough space to grow?
Some types of plants need more space than others to collect sunlight and nutrients.
197
What type of plants require very little space?
Small plants like buttercups require very little space for each plant.
198
Which plants require large amounts of space?
Huge trees like the redwoods require large amounts of space.
199
What is the advantage of growing plants in greenhouses?
Plants grown in greenhouses grow faster, bigger, and produce more flowers or fruit than plants grown outside.
200
Do all plants need the same amount of light?
No, some plants need lots of light while others need shade.
201
Which plant needs less light, a fern or a marigold?
A fern needs less light than a marigold.
202
What happens to a plant that does not get enough water?
It will die.
203
Can plants get too much water?
Yes, especially plants adapted to dry conditions, like cacti.
204
What are the main nutrients that plants need for healthy growth?
* nitrogen
* phosphorous
* potassium
* calcium
* magnesium
205
What happens if plants do not get enough nitrogen?
Their leaves will be yellow instead of green.
206
Which plants can take nitrogen from the air instead of the soil?
Plants such as beans, peas, and clover.
207
Why do plants need different amounts of space?
Some types of plants need more space than others to grow.
208
What type of plant requires very little space for growth?
Small plants like buttercups require very little space.
209
What type of plant requires large amounts of space to grow?
Huge trees like redwoods require large amounts of space.
210
Where do plants grow?
Plants grow deep under the ocean, on the sides of mountains, under arctic snow, and in hot, dry deserts.
211
In how many environments can plants be found?
Plants can be found in almost every kind of environment on Earth.
212
Why are plants necessary?
Plants are necessary to all life on Earth and supply us with many things we rely on.
213
What must we ensure regarding plant growth and harvesting?
We must make sure that the things we do to grow and harvest plants do not interfere too much with the needs of the rest of the planet.
214
Fill in the blank: Plants are in almost every kind of _______.
environment
215
True or False: Plants only grow in warm climates.
False
216
What is a major concern regarding our interaction with plants?
Ensuring that our actions do not negatively impact the needs of the planet.
217
What role do plants play in the environment?
Plants provide a home and food for many different types of birds and insects. They also affect the air you breathe.
218
How is vegetation in Canada classified?
Vegetation in Canada can be classified into four categories:
* forest
* tundra
* barren
* agriculture
219
What are the remaining areas of Canada besides vegetated areas?
The remaining areas of the country are either non-vegetated areas (without plant cover) or water.
220
Fill in the blank: Plants provide a home and food for many different types of _______.
birds and insects
221
True or False: Plants only provide food for insects.
False
222
What are the four categories of vegetation in Canada?
The four categories are:
* forest
* tundra
* barren
* agriculture
223
Fill in the blank: The remaining areas of Canada are either non-vegetated areas or _______.
water
224
What gas do plants provide?
Oxygen
225
What gas do animals produce when they breathe?
Carbon dioxide
226
What process do plants use to release oxygen?
Photosynthesis
227
What do plants use to make their own food?
Water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight
228
Fill in the blank: Plants provide _______ to other organisms, which are in turn eaten by something else.
Food
229
How do plants contribute to soil health?
Dead plant material builds soil
230
What process do plants prevent that moves soil from one place to another?
Erosion
231
What role do plant roots play in soil management?
They hold the soil together
232
True or False: All living things, or organisms, are connected by what they eat.
True
233
What do chipmunks get their food from?
Plants
234
What animal eats chipmunks?
Fox
235
Fill in the blank: Plants protect other organisms from _______ and from predators.
The weather
236
What chemical found in willow bark is similar to acetylsalicylic acid?
salicin
## Footnote
Salicin is a precursor to aspirin and has pain-relieving properties.
237
Which indigenous peoples used willow bark as a source of medicine?
First Nations and Inuit peoples
## Footnote
These groups utilized various plants for medicinal purposes.
238
Name a plant used by Aboriginal people in Canada to treat rheumatism.
paintbrush
## Footnote
Paintbrush was not only used for medicinal purposes but its flowers were also edible.
239
What are some uses of plants according to the text?
Food, fibre, and medicines
## Footnote
Plants serve multiple roles in everyday life, from nutrition to materials.
240
Fill in the blank: Plants provide us with _______.
medicine
## Footnote
This highlights the significance of plants in healthcare.
241
How do we use plants in our daily lives?
Through food, clothing, and various products
## Footnote
Everyday items like cotton T-shirts and meals contain plant-derived components.
242
What is made from plant fibers according to the text?
this book
## Footnote
The use of plant fibers emphasizes the importance of plants in publishing.
243
True or False: The flowers of the paintbrush plant can be eaten.
True
## Footnote
This illustrates the dual purpose of the plant, both as medicine and food.
244
What is one way plants provide shelter?
Through the production of fibre
## Footnote
Plant fibres are essential materials for construction and clothing.
245
What is the significance of plants in the context of the text?
They are essential for food, medicine, and materials
## Footnote
This highlights the interdependence of humans and plant life.
246
What can plants provide us with to stay healthy?
Food
## Footnote
A diet rich in fruits and vegetables helps protect from diseases.
247
What role does plant fibre play in our lives?
Provides materials for shelter and warmth
## Footnote
Most houses in Canada are made of wooden frames covered with sheets of wood.
248
What is one common use of cotton fibre?
Used in shirts and jeans
## Footnote
Cotton is a plant fibre commonly used in clothing.
249
What products are made from plant fibre?
Cloth, paper, and paper products
## Footnote
Notebooks and textbooks are made from plant fibre.
250
How can you research the uses of plants in your area?
Use books, the Internet, and other sources
## Footnote
Finding out about local plants can reveal their uses for food, fibre, or medicine.
251
Fill in the blank: Plant fibres are used to make _______.
Cloth, paper, and other products
252
True or False: Most houses in Canada are made entirely of brick.
False
## Footnote
Most houses in Canada are made of wooden frames.
253
What question is posed about the impact of not having fibre from plants?
How much do you think our lives would change if we couldn't get fibre from plants?
254
What can plants provide us with to stay healthy?
Food
## Footnote
A diet rich in fruits and vegetables helps protect from diseases.
255
What role does plant fibre play in our lives?
Provides materials for shelter and warmth
## Footnote
Most houses in Canada are made of wooden frames covered with sheets of wood.
256
What is one common use of cotton fibre?
Used in shirts and jeans
## Footnote
Cotton is a plant fibre commonly used in clothing.
257
What products are made from plant fibre?
Cloth, paper, and paper products
## Footnote
Notebooks and textbooks are made from plant fibre.
258
How can you research the uses of plants in your area?
Use books, the Internet, and other sources
## Footnote
Finding out about local plants can reveal their uses for food, fibre, or medicine.
259
Fill in the blank: Plant fibres are used to make _______.
Cloth, paper, and other products
260
True or False: Most houses in Canada are made entirely of brick.
False
## Footnote
Most houses in Canada are made of wooden frames.
261
What question is posed about the impact of not having fibre from plants?
How much do you think our lives would change if we couldn't get fibre from plants?
262
What are living resources?
Living resources are living things that can be used for human needs.
263
What do forests contain as part of Earth's living resources?
Forests contain living things, including trees, many other plants, and animals found in forest environments.
264
How can human activities like cutting timber affect living resources?
Human activities such as cutting timber or using the forest for recreation may affect living things.
265
What is involved in managing living resources like forests?
Managing living resources involves maintaining healthy populations of all the living things that make up those resources.
266
Fill in the blank: Prickly pear cactus grows in the living resource of the _______.
[8adiands in Dinosaure Provincial Park]
267
True or False: Forests are not considered living resources.
False
268
What is an example of a living resource mentioned in the text?
Prickly pear cactus
269
Who were the first people to use living resources in Alberta?
The Aboriginal peoples
## Footnote
They obtained food and fibre through hunting and gathering.
270
What methods did Aboriginal peoples develop to encourage plant growth?
They cleared some areas with fire
## Footnote
This was done to promote the growth of needed plants.
271
Which plant was mentioned as a source of food and medicine?
Wild rose
## Footnote
It served dual purposes for the Aboriginal peoples.
272
What major changes in living resources occurred with the introduction of horses and guns?
Increased efficiency in hunting buffalo and other animals
## Footnote
Horses also competed for grazing with buffalo.
273
What impact did European settlers have on living resources in Alberta?
They began to clear and farm land
## Footnote
This was to grow food for themselves and others.
274
What resource did European settlers log forests for?
Wood for building and fuel
## Footnote
This increased the demand for managing living resources.
275
Fill in the blank: Aboriginal peoples developed a close relationship with the land because of their use of _______.
[living resources]
276
True or False: Horses contributed positively to the living resources by only aiding in hunting.
False
## Footnote
Horses also competed with buffalo for grazing.
277
What is the consequence of non-sustainable use of forest resources?
The amount being used now will not be available in the future.
## Footnote
Non-sustainable use refers to the depletion of natural resources faster than they can be replenished.
278
What are some products that forests provide wood fibre for?
* Building materials
* Paper
* Fuels
## Footnote
These products are essential for various industries and everyday needs.
279
What has changed over time regarding the management of forests?
The practice of managing forests has changed as our needs and demands on this sustainable resource change.
## Footnote
This reflects the evolving relationship between humans and forest ecosystems.
280
What do agencies that manage forest resources establish?
Methods and regulations that foresters follow when a forest is to be harvested.
## Footnote
These regulations ensure sustainable practices in forest management.
281
What does the framework established by forest management agencies ensure?
It ensures that foresters can obtain the species they want for their products and secures the forest to remain healthy and renewable.
## Footnote
This framework includes guidelines on species selection, harvesting methods, and restoration.
282
Fill in the blank: Human activities such as logging and _______ allow forests to pass through different growth cycles over time.
[replanting]
283
How do different plants and animals interact with forests as they develop?
Different plants and animals will use these changing environments as the forests develop from one stage to the next.
## Footnote
This highlights the biodiversity and ecological dynamics within forest ecosystems.
284
True or False: The goal of managing forests is to prioritize human needs over the needs of species that live there.
False
## Footnote
Effective forest management seeks to balance human needs with ecological health.
285
What is the primary role of plants in the environment?
Plants play an essential role in meeting human needs and supporting ecological balance.
## Footnote
This includes providing oxygen, habitat, and resources.
286
What is one of the main challenges faced due to the growing world population?
Increased demand for natural resources.
## Footnote
This can lead to unsustainable practices if not managed properly.
287
Name one way in which forests are managed to maintain biodiversity.
By establishing regulations and methods for harvesting and replanting.
## Footnote
This helps to ensure a variety of species thrive within the forest ecosystem.
288
What is soil considered in terms of natural resources?
Soil is a natural resource, like water and minerals.
289
Why do we depend on soil?
We depend on it to provide a healthy place for plants to grow.
290
Name two types of animals that live in the soil.
* Earthworms
* Prairie dogs
291
What might you notice about soil in different locations?
Soil can be very different in different places.
292
What factors contribute to the health of the soil?
Sun and rain contribute to the health of the soil.
293
Fill in the blank: When you think of soil, you probably think of _______.
[brown dirt]
294
What is one effect of the Sahara Desert expanding?
The sand covers up fertile soil.
295
What characteristics can vary in the layers of soil?
Each layer has different characteristics.
296
What should you consider about the soil in your area?
What is the soil like? Do people affect the soil in any way?
297
What are some descriptive aspects to think about when considering soil?
The colour and feel of different kinds of soil.
298
What does soil contain?
Minerals and organic matter
## Footnote
Soil is composed of tiny particles with spaces that can contain air or water.
299
What are mineral particles in soil made from?
Rock that has been broken down
## Footnote
These particles create spaces in the soil that allow water to flow through quickly.
300
What are organic particles in soil derived from?
Plants and animals that were once living
## Footnote
Partly decomposed organic matter is called humus.
301
What is humus?
Partly decomposed organic matter
## Footnote
Humus provides nutrients for plants and absorbs water.
302
Describe the characteristics of sandy soil.
Runs between fingers, few lumps, light brown
## Footnote
Sandy soil does not hold together when moist and contains very little humus.
303
What happens when you squeeze moist sandy soil in your hand?
It will not stay together
## Footnote
Sandy soil dries quickly because water runs through it fast.
304
What is the texture of clay soil?
Fine texture
## Footnote
Clay soil has very small mineral particles and a small pore size.
305
What does wet clay soil feel like when rubbed between fingers?
Slippery
## Footnote
Wet clay sticks together to form a tight ball.
306
How does dry clay soil feel?
Very hard
## Footnote
The color of clay soil varies based on the type of mineral particles.
307
What is a key characteristic of clay soil in terms of water retention?
Can hold water and nutrients
## Footnote
Air cannot easily penetrate clay soil, especially when pores are filled with water.
308
What is the primary difference in the size of mineral particles between sandy and clay soils?
Sandy soil has larger particles, clay soil has very small particles
## Footnote
The size of clay particles is 0.0002 mm.
309
True or False: Sandy soil contains a lot of humus.
False
## Footnote
Sandy soil contains very little food for plants.
310
Fill in the blank: Soil is an important resource that human activity can _______.
Degrade
## Footnote
Soil management is crucial for sustainability.
311
What is the role of vermiculite in potting soil?
Vermiculite improves aeration, moisture retention, and nutrient exchange in potting soil.
## Footnote
Vermiculite is a mineral that expands when heated and is commonly used in horticulture.
312
What are the characteristics of loam soil?
Loam soil is crumbly, dark brown or black, forms a loose ball when wet, and is not sticky.
## Footnote
It has a balanced composition of organic and mineral particles.
313
How does loam soil retain moisture?
Loam soil absorbs enough water to stay moist for a long time without compromising air space between particles.
## Footnote
This balance prevents waterlogging while maintaining adequate moisture.
314
What nutrients does loam soil provide?
Loam soil contains plenty of nutrients that are beneficial for plant growth.
## Footnote
These nutrients are essential for most plants to thrive.
315
True or False: Loam soil is ideal for all plants.
False
## Footnote
Some plants may not grow well in loam soil if they are adapted to different soil types.
316
What happens if you plant a clay soil-adapted plant in loam soil?
The plant may not be very healthy.
## Footnote
Plants are adapted to specific soil conditions, and changing those can affect their health.
317
Loam soil has a balance between what types of particles?
Loam soil has a balance between organic particles and mineral particles.
## Footnote
This balance is crucial for its properties and suitability for plant growth.
318
What is the role of vermiculite in potting soil?
Vermiculite improves aeration, moisture retention, and nutrient exchange in potting soil.
## Footnote
Vermiculite is a mineral that expands when heated and is commonly used in horticulture.
319
What are the characteristics of loam soil?
Loam soil is crumbly, dark brown or black, forms a loose ball when wet, and is not sticky.
## Footnote
It has a balanced composition of organic and mineral particles.
320
How does loam soil retain moisture?
Loam soil absorbs enough water to stay moist for a long time without compromising air space between particles.
## Footnote
This balance prevents waterlogging while maintaining adequate moisture.
321
What nutrients does loam soil provide?
Loam soil contains plenty of nutrients that are beneficial for plant growth.
## Footnote
These nutrients are essential for most plants to thrive.
322
True or False: Loam soil is ideal for all plants.
False
## Footnote
Some plants may not grow well in loam soil if they are adapted to different soil types.
323
What happens if you plant a clay soil-adapted plant in loam soil?
The plant may not be very healthy.
## Footnote
Plants are adapted to specific soil conditions, and changing those can affect their health.
324
Loam soil has a balance between what types of particles?
Loam soil has a balance between organic particles and mineral particles.
## Footnote
This balance is crucial for its properties and suitability for plant growth.
325
Why is soil considered an important natural resource?
Soil is essential for growing plants needed for food and fibre.
## Footnote
Soil also supports wild plants that feed and shelter animals and provides a habitat for various soil-dwelling organisms.
326
What are fertilizers?
Fertilizers are substances added to soil to provide nutrients that plants need.
## Footnote
They can be organic or chemical.
327
What are organic fertilizers made from?
Organic fertilizers are made from sources such as animal or plant waste.
## Footnote
They are natural alternatives to chemical fertilizers.
328
What is the purpose of chemical fertilizers?
Chemical fertilizers are mixtures of chemicals that promote plant growth.
## Footnote
They often contain specific nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
329
What is potash used for in fertilizers?
Potash is used to increase the potassium content of the soil.
## Footnote
Potassium is essential for plant growth and development.
330
Name two sources of nitrogen used in fertilizers.
Urea and ammonia.
## Footnote
Both are important for promoting healthy plant growth.
331
What can happen if too much fertilizer is applied?
Excess nutrients may harm the plants and cause pollution in water sources.
## Footnote
Unused nutrients can dissolve in rain or irrigation water and contaminate streams, rivers, and lakes.
332
Fill in the blank: Soil helps the environment to stay _______.
healthy
333
What is the primary purpose of irrigation?
To grow plants in dry areas with insufficient rainfall
## Footnote
Irrigation helps ensure plants receive the right amount of water at the right time in their growth process, increasing crop yields.
334
What can happen if too much water is added to the soil during irrigation?
Soil pores can fill with water, reducing air availability for plants
## Footnote
This lack of air can hinder plant growth.
335
How does irrigation affect soil salts in dry areas?
It can dissolve salts, but evaporation may pull them to the surface
## Footnote
This can lead to topsoil becoming too salty for plants to survive.
336
What is the first step farmers must take before planting new crops?
Clear their land of plant cover
## Footnote
This reduces competition and makes it easier to plant seeds.
337
What are two methods of clearing farmland?
Removing most plant cover and plowing under remaining plants, or partial removal by leaving stubble
## Footnote
Partial removal helps maintain some soil structure.
338
What do foresters do when clearing land for harvesting?
Identify desirable tree species, establish age and size, and remove those species while leaving others
## Footnote
After harvesting, they replant young trees to maintain sustainability.
339
What is a potential negative consequence of poorly managed land clearing?
Soil erosion due to exposure to weather
## Footnote
Without plant roots, soil can be easily blown or washed away.
340
How can soil compaction occur after land clearing?
Under pounding rain, soil grains can squeeze together
## Footnote
This makes it difficult for new plants to establish roots.
341
What is the effect of leaving more plant cover when clearing land?
Less soil erosion occurs
## Footnote
Plants also provide shade, keeping the soil cool and moist.
342
True or False: Clearing land for agriculture always improves soil health.
False
## Footnote
Improper clearing can lead to soil erosion and degradation.
343
What factors can influence soil erosion after trees are cut?
The location, size, and shape of cut blocks
## Footnote
These factors can affect the amount of erosion that occurs.
344
What is plowing?
The process of cutting into the soil and turning the top layer over
345
How does plowing affect soil compaction?
Plowing creates more air spaces and makes the soil less compacted
346
What negative effect can plowing have over time?
It can damage the soil by making soil particles smaller, leading to waterlogging and increased compaction
347
What is 'trash cover' in agriculture?
Stubble and other plant material that protects the soil from wind erosion
348
Why did farmers in southern Alberta need a blade cultivator?
To go under the stubble and kill the weed while protecting the soil
349
Who developed a new blade that replaced traditional plows?
C.S. Noble from Nobleford, Alberta in 1936
350
What is the function of the Noble Blade?
Cuts below the ground while leaving the top of the ground with its stubble intact
351
What is crop rotation?
The practice of growing different crops in succession on the same land
352
What happens to soil if the same crop is grown year after year?
The soil runs out of nutrients that the crop plant needs
353
What is a consequence of continuously growing the same crop?
Increased need for fertilizers, which can be expensive and lead to soil pollution
354
Fill in the blank: Crop scientists have developed a new method of growing crops that doesn’t involve _______.
plowing
355
What should you research regarding no-till farming?
The advantages and disadvantages of no-till farming
356
True or False: The Noble Blade is only used in Alberta.
False
357
What might be a benefit of using crop rotation?
It can reduce the use of fertilizer
358
What is plowing?
The process of cutting into the soil and turning the top layer over
359
How does plowing affect soil compaction?
Plowing creates more air spaces and makes the soil less compacted
360
What negative effect can plowing have over time?
It can damage the soil by making soil particles smaller, leading to waterlogging and increased compaction
361
What is 'trash cover' in agriculture?
Stubble and other plant material that protects the soil from wind erosion
362
Why did farmers in southern Alberta need a blade cultivator?
To go under the stubble and kill the weed while protecting the soil
363
Who developed a new blade that replaced traditional plows?
C.S. Noble from Nobleford, Alberta in 1936
364
What is the function of the Noble Blade?
Cuts below the ground while leaving the top of the ground with its stubble intact
365
What is crop rotation?
The practice of growing different crops in succession on the same land
366
What happens to soil if the same crop is grown year after year?
The soil runs out of nutrients that the crop plant needs
367
What is a consequence of continuously growing the same crop?
Increased need for fertilizers, which can be expensive and lead to soil pollution
368
Fill in the blank: Crop scientists have developed a new method of growing crops that doesn’t involve _______.
plowing
369
What should you research regarding no-till farming?
The advantages and disadvantages of no-till farming
370
True or False: The Noble Blade is only used in Alberta.
False
371
What might be a benefit of using crop rotation?
It can reduce the use of fertilizer
372
What is yield in the context of plant production?
The amount of useful plant part per plant.
373
What is the significance of increasing yields in plant production?
To meet the growing population's need for food and fibre.
374
What technologies have been developed to increase plant yields?
Various technologies by scientists and growers.
375
Fill in the blank: Some islands in the Pacific Ocean grow their crops by _______.
[hydroponics]
376
True or False: Hydroponics uses soil for crop production.
False
377
What challenge do some islands in the Pacific face regarding agriculture?
Soil that contains large amounts of salt.
378
Why is hydroponics used in certain Pacific islands?
Because it doesn't use soil at all.
379
What is yield in the context of plant production?
The amount of useful plant part per plant.
380
What is the significance of increasing yields in plant production?
To meet the growing population's need for food and fibre.
381
What technologies have been developed to increase plant yields?
Various technologies by scientists and growers.
382
Fill in the blank: Some islands in the Pacific Ocean grow their crops by _______.
[hydroponics]
383
True or False: Hydroponics uses soil for crop production.
False
384
What challenge do some islands in the Pacific face regarding agriculture?
Soil that contains large amounts of salt.
385
Why is hydroponics used in certain Pacific islands?
Because it doesn't use soil at all.
386
How many different varieties of lettuce are there?
At least 40 different varieties
## Footnote
The variety in lettuce is due to selective breeding and consumer demand.
387
Why do we have so many varieties of plants today?
They were developed by growers and scientists to meet specific demands
## Footnote
Different varieties cater to needs such as climate adaptability and shelf life.
388
What was the situation regarding lettuce in Canadian grocery stores in the past?
Most stores sold only one kind of lettuce
## Footnote
This highlights the increase in diversity due to selective breeding.
389
What is one example of a plant variety developed for a specific growing condition?
Carrots developed for the short growing season in Alberta
## Footnote
This demonstrates how local conditions influence plant breeding.
390
What is an example of a plant variety developed to enhance freshness?
Carrots developed to stay fresh longer
## Footnote
This is important for grocery stores to provide quality produce year-round.
391
True or False: The variety of fruits and vegetables available today is the same as in the past.
False
## Footnote
The variety has increased significantly due to selective breeding.
392
Fill in the blank: New plant varieties are developed by _______.
[selective breeding]
## Footnote
Selective breeding involves choosing specific plants to reproduce based on desired traits.
393
What is a hybrid variety?
A hybrid variety is a type of plant produced by crossing two different parent plants to combine desirable traits.
394
What is the definition of a species?
A species is a group of organisms with similar traits that can reproduce with each other.
395
What distinguishes a variety from a species?
A variety is a subset of a species with specific characteristics or traits that distinguish it from other varieties.
396
What are some reasons new plant varieties are produced?
* To grow in colder climates
* To tolerate salty soil
* To fight diseases
* To resist insect attacks
397
What is selective breeding?
Selective breeding is the process of selecting plants with specific traits and reproducing them.
398
When did humans start using selective breeding?
Humans have been using selective breeding since we first started farming.
399
How does a farmer use selective breeding to create taller plants?
A farmer plants seeds from the tallest plants each year, resulting in more tall plants over time.
400
What is genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering is a process in which single genes are added to a plant's cells to change its characteristics.
401
What is a gene?
A gene is a tiny piece of material in a cell's nucleus responsible for the inheritance of certain traits or characteristics.
402
True or False: Genetic engineering can only involve genes from the same species.
False
403
Fill in the blank: _______ is the process of selecting plants with specific traits and reproducing them.
Selective breeding
404
What types of traits might new plant varieties be developed for?
* Cold climate growth
* Salty soil tolerance
* Disease resistance
* Insect resistance
405
What are the offspring of hybrid plants likely to exhibit?
Offspring may exhibit traits such as large and red flowers.
406
What may new plant varieties require more of?
More fertilizer or special treatment
## Footnote
New varieties may also lead to increased pesticide use.
407
What is a potential consequence of new plant varieties being more attractive to pests?
Increased use of pesticides
## Footnote
This can be expensive for farmers and harmful to the environment.
408
What crop is grown in western Canada that produces seeds with about 40% oil?
Canola
## Footnote
Canola is valued for its health benefits.
409
How can genetic engineering benefit canola plants?
Protection against insect damage and some herbicides
## Footnote
This enhances their resilience and productivity.
410
What is a concern regarding canola plants and wild mustard?
Cross-pollination may produce a super weed
## Footnote
A super weed may be difficult to control.
411
True or False: New varieties of crops always benefit the environment.
False
## Footnote
New varieties can disrupt the food web.
412
Fill in the blank: Canola seeds contain about ______ oil.
40%
## Footnote
This high oil content is a significant factor in their market value.
413
What are plants that interfere with the growth of commercial crops called?
Weeds
## Footnote
Examples include wild oats, quack grass, green foxtail, and smartweed.
414
What term is used for animals that eat or affect the growth of commercial crops?
Pests
## Footnote
An example is the army cutworm larva.
415
What is the impact of weeds on crop production?
Crop losses
## Footnote
Weeds can significantly reduce the yield of crops.
416
Name a few crops that the army cutworm larva affects.
* Wheat
* Oats
* Barley
* Mustard
* Flax
* Alfalfa
* Peas
* Cabbage
* Grasses
## Footnote
The army cutworm larva consumes the leaves of these plants.
417
What must farmers do to meet consumer demands?
Maximize crop yield
## Footnote
This often requires controlling weeds and pests.
418
True or False: Weeds and pests have no role in the environment.
False
## Footnote
Weeds and pests do play a role in the ecosystem.
419
What is a consequence of bark beetles tunneling under the bark of trees?
Allows diseases to enter trees
## Footnote
This can weaken or kill the trees.
420
Fill in the blank: In commercial crops, plants that interfere with growth are called _______.
Weeds
421
Fill in the blank: Animals that affect the growth of crops are known as _______.
Pests
422
What is a key challenge for farmers in controlling weeds and pests?
Producing a variety of crops for human consumption
## Footnote
This requires balancing ecological considerations with agricultural productivity.
423
What are herbicides?
Chemicals that kill plants
424
Why do gardeners use herbicides?
To kill weeds and produce beautiful lawns and flower beds
425
What is one advantage of farmers using herbicides?
Allows farmers to choose and grow a single crop in a field
426
What is a benefit of having a single crop?
Individual plants mature around the same time, making harvesting easier
427
What problem can herbicides cause in the ecosystem?
They can kill weeds that are a food source for other living organisms
428
What can happen to the soil if herbicides build up?
The soil can become less fertile for certain plants
429
How can herbicides affect water environments?
They may be harmful to living things in streams and lakes
430
What happens when a herbicide is used for a long time?
Some weeds become resistant to it
431
What is a consequence of resistant weeds?
They may take over when the herbicide is used again
432
What must be developed to combat resistant weeds?
New herbicides
433
What are pesticides?
Substances that kill insects
434
Why do farmers use pesticides?
To protect crops from harmful insects
435
What is a potential downside of using pesticides?
They can kill helpful insects, such as pollinators
436
What must be done to avoid environmental contamination with pesticides?
Use pesticides carefully
437
What happens when pesticides are used for a long time?
Some insects become resistant, making the pesticide less useful
438
What must be developed to control resistant insects?
New pesticides
439
Why is it important to wash fruits and vegetables before eating?
Many pesticides are still on food when purchased
440
Fill in the blank: Herbicides are used to kill _______.
weeds
441
True or False: Herbicides can promote biodiversity in ecosystems.
False
442
Fill in the blank: Pesticides help farmers increase _______.
yields
443
What issue is illustrated by the example of canola plants?
Herbicide-resistant weeds can pollinate with wild relatives
444
What is a consequence of pesticides killing helpful insects?
It may negatively impact crop pollination
445
What is biological control in pest management?
A method of pest control using natural predators to manage pest populations.
446
How does biological control affect pest populations?
It changes the balance in the environment to reduce the number of pests.
447
True or False: Biological control eliminates all pests.
False
448
Fill in the blank: Biological control tries to copy the way that population size is controlled in _______.
[natural environments]
449
What is a limitation of biological control?
It takes a while to work and isn't useful for large outbreaks.
450
Name one example of a natural predator used in biological control.
Ladybugs can be used to control aphids.
451
What should communities consider when spending money on mosquito control?
Whether the methods being used are effective and appropriate for their specific situation.
452
In your opinion, is your community doing the right thing in controlling mosquitoes? Explain your answer.
[Your opinion based on research]
453
What is an unintended consequence?
An unintended consequence is something that you didn't predict would result from what you did.
454
What often leads to unintended consequences?
Unintended consequences often happen when we don't know or don't think about all the factors in a situation.
455
What is the main goal of environmental management?
The main goal of environmental management is balancing the needs of humans with the needs of the environment.
456
What must be considered when using technologies for environmental management?
We need to look at all of the effects of the technology--not just the intended effects.
457
Fill in the blank: Environmental management involves balancing the needs of humans with the needs of the _______.
environment.
458
True or False: Unintended consequences can only happen when someone acts with malicious intent.
False.
459
What can reduce the likelihood of unintended consequences?
Knowing more about the situation or taking more time to think about it.
460
List two examples of situations that could lead to unintended consequences.
* A large man leaning out on a very small tree branch trying to reach his cat.
* A girl pushing a door open for her friend without noticing her teacher is on the other side.
461
What might happen when a community group cleans up a stream in the spring?
They might walk through the nesting area of an endangered bird as they are collecting garbage.
462
Fill in the blank: Environmental management can involve many different _______ and ways of using resources.
technologies.
463
What has been removed from the pond, affecting duck nesting?
All the reeds and other water plants
## Footnote
The absence of these plants eliminates nesting areas for ducks.
464
What unintended consequence can the construction of roads during logging have on animal habitats?
It can make the habitat less secure for some species
## Footnote
Predators may also use roads, increasing risks for other animals.
465
Which animals may use logging roads for easier movement?
Elk and moose
## Footnote
These animals utilize roads as convenient paths between locations.
466
What types of vehicles may people use on logging roads, affecting wildlife?
Motorized vehicles like snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles
## Footnote
Their presence can drive some animals away to avoid human contact.
467
What is the main agricultural practice where only one variety of plant is grown?
Monoculture
## Footnote
This practice leads to the planting of similar or identical plants.
468
What are some intended consequences of monoculture?
* Cut down on costs
* Reduce fertilizer overuse
* Easier harvesting
## Footnote
These benefits appeal to farmers seeking efficiency.
469
What negative impact can monoculture have on pest populations?
It can cause the population of pests to explode
## Footnote
Pests have a huge supply of their favorite food due to the lack of diversity.
470
How does monoculture affect biodiversity in the environment?
It reduces biodiversity
## Footnote
Only one kind of habitat is available, limiting species variety.
471
True or False: Human activity in wilderness areas can make habitats less secure for wildlife.
True
## Footnote
Human presence and activities can lead to displacement of animals.
472
Fill in the blank: Monoculture can lead to increased use of _______ due to pest outbreaks.
pesticide
## Footnote
The increased pest populations from monoculture necessitate more pesticide application.
473
What is the consequence of growing a limited number of crop varieties?
It can lead to reduced biodiversity and increased vulnerability to pests and diseases.
## Footnote
Limited biodiversity can cause negative impacts on ecosystems and food security.
474
What is sustainable management in agriculture?
Managing plant resources in a way that can be continued without causing harm to the environment.
## Footnote
It involves understanding the linkages between organisms in the environment.
475
What are the benefits of crop rotation?
It breaks insect and disease cycles, improves soil structure, controls problem weeds, and improves yields.
## Footnote
Yields can improve by up to 15% through crop rotation.
476
How does crop rotation affect soil nutrients?
It prevents the depletion of certain nutrients that would occur if the same crops were planted year after year.
## Footnote
Rotating crops helps maintain soil health.
477
What alternative crops are being examined in western Canada?
Canola, lentils, and peas.
## Footnote
These crops are considered for their potential benefits in sustainable agriculture.
478
What is the impact of legumes in crop rotation?
They increase subsequent crop grain yield and protein content.
## Footnote
Legumes like peas and beans enrich the soil and enhance crop productivity.
479
How does sustainable farming contribute to job stability?
It allows farmers to produce crops for a long time, providing steady jobs for workers.
## Footnote
Job stability helps build and sustain local communities.
480
True or False: Sustainable practices in agriculture only benefit the environment.
False.
## Footnote
Sustainable practices can have economic and social benefits as well.
481
Fill in the blank: Sustainable management reduces the likelihood of _______.
unintended consequences.
## Footnote
Understanding environmental linkages is key to preventing harm.
482
What are the main structures of seed plants?
Roots, stems, leaves, flowers or cones
## Footnote
Each structure has a specific function
483
What are the three stages in the life cycle of seed plants?
Seed stage, seedling stage, adult stage
## Footnote
These stages are essential for the plant's life processes
484
What process do plants use to produce food?
Photosynthesis
## Footnote
This process is vital for maintaining plant life
485
What is pollination in seed plants?
The joining of pollen and ovary
## Footnote
Necessary for adult seed plants to produce new seeds
486
How can seed plants be reproduced aside from seeds?
Through methods that don’t involve seeds
## Footnote
This includes various vegetative propagation techniques
487
What role do plants play in the environment?
Supply oxygen and food
## Footnote
Essential for most life on Earth
488
What are the human uses of plants?
Food, fiber, medicines, and other products
## Footnote
Plants are integral to human survival and industry
489
What is soil composed of?
Particles of minerals and organic material
## Footnote
Determines soil types: sandy, clay, or loam
490
What can human activity do to soil?
Protect or degrade it
## Footnote
Methods of growing and harvesting plants impact soil health
491
What is selective breeding in plants?
The process of producing new plant varieties
## Footnote
Aims for traits like higher yield and pest resistance
492
What are potential environmental problems of new plant varieties?
Require additional fertilizer or water
## Footnote
Can lead to issues like soil pollution and resource depletion
493
What can long-term use of herbicides and pesticides cause?
Development of resistance and loss of helpful species
## Footnote
They can also contribute to soil pollution
494
What is sustainability in plant resource management?
Balancing our needs with the needs of the environment
## Footnote
Includes considering social and economic consequences of changes
