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E Planet Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the layers of Earth from outside in?

A
  • crust
  • outer mantle
  • inner mantle
  • outer core
  • inner core
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2
Q

lithosphere

A

the crust and the upper mantle

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3
Q

What is the outer core of the Earth made of? How does its temperature relate to the inner core?

A
  • made of iron and nickle (just like the inner core)
  • colder than the inner core but super hot
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4
Q

inner core

A
  • iron and nickle
  • 6000 degrees celcius (hotter than outer core)
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5
Q

What is Earth characterized by?

A

Constant motion and change

This refers to the dynamic nature of Earth’s geological and atmospheric processes.

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6
Q

What natural phenomenon is caused by intense heat from deep inside Earth?

A

Volcanoes that spew lava

Volcanoes are formed when magma from the Earth’s interior reaches the surface.

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7
Q

What causes earthquakes?

A

Huge plates of rock moving across Earth’s surface

These tectonic plates can collide, pull apart, or slide past each other, leading to seismic activity.

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8
Q

What geological feature grows upward due to tectonic activities?

A

Mountains

Mountains are formed primarily through the processes of tectonic uplift and volcanic activity.

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9
Q

How do wind and water affect mountains?

A

They wear them down and carry them away

Erosion is the process through which natural forces like wind and water gradually wear away rock and soil.

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10
Q

What is the primary component of Earth’s landscape?

A

Rocks

Rocks are hard and difficult to move, contributing to the perception that Earth’s landscape doesn’t change much.

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11
Q

What cycle is associated with the change in Earth’s landscape?

A

Landform cycle of creation, loss, and renewal

This cycle describes how the structure of Earth undergoes changes over time.

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12
Q

What are sudden geologic events that can dramatically change the landscape?

A

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides

These events can occur quickly and have catastrophic results.

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13
Q

What are examples of slower geologic processes?

A

Glacial and river erosion

These processes happen more gradually and are generally less harmful to humans.

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14
Q

True or False: Most changes to Earth’s landscape go unnoticed.

A

True

While changes do occur, they often happen without immediate recognition.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Earth’s landscape is largely made up of _______.

A

rocks

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16
Q

What happens during the landform cycle?

A

Creation, loss, and renewal

This cycle reflects the ongoing changes in Earth’s landscape.

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17
Q

What is a model?

A

A model is an idea of something that can’t be fully known or seen.

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18
Q

Why are models useful?

A

Models are useful when something is too big, too small, or too complicated for us to study easily.

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19
Q

What forms can models take?

A

Models can take many forms, including:
* Drawings
* Actual constructions
* Comparisons to familiar things

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20
Q

Give an example of a model.

A

A globe is a model for Earth.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: A model demonstrates an object or an idea that is _______.

A

[difficult to picture in its real form]

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22
Q

What do geologists study?

A

Earth

Geologists are scientists who focus on the study of Earth, including its structure, materials, and processes.

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23
Q

Why do geologists use a model to understand Earth’s inner structure?

A

Because Earth is too large and extreme conditions prevent direct exploration

Direct examination of Earth’s core is impossible due to extreme conditions, necessitating the use of models.

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24
Q

How deep would geologists have to dig to reach the Earth’s center compared to the deepest mine?

A

More than 1700 times the depth of the deepest mine

The deepest mine in the world is a gold mine in South Africa, which reaches a depth of 3.8 km.

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25
What is the depth of the deepest mine in the world?
3.8 km ## Footnote This depth is found in a gold mine located in South Africa.
26
Is the interior of the Earth solid or molten liquid?
Unknown; scientists are still investigating ## Footnote The nature of Earth's interior remains a subject of study and exploration.
27
What are some questions scientists have about Earth's layers?
What are the layers that make up Earth? How thick is its outer skin? What does the center core look like? ## Footnote These questions reflect the curiosity of scientists regarding Earth's composition and structure.
28
What is the outer layer of the Earth called?
The crust ## Footnote The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth.
29
What are some features found in the Earth's crust?
Mountains, valleys, plains, hills, plateaus ## Footnote These features are all part of the Earth's crust.
30
What is the thickness range of the Earth's crust?
10-90 km ## Footnote The crust is the thinnest layer of the Earth.
31
What is the thickness of the mantle?
About 2900 km
32
Is the mantle the same thickness throughout?
No, it isn't the same all the way through
33
What is the state of the upper part of the mantle?
Solid, like the crust
34
What do the solid upper part of the mantle and the crust together form?
A layer called the lithosphere
35
What happens to temperature and pressure below the solid upper part of the mantle?
They are higher
36
What is the state of the rock below the solid upper part of the mantle?
Partly melted
37
True or False: The rock below the solid upper part of the mantle can flow slowly.
True
38
What is the state of rock in Earth's molten outer core?
The rock is completely liquid or molten ## Footnote This condition is due to extremely high temperatures.
39
How thick is the molten outer core of Earth?
About 2200 km thick ## Footnote This thickness contributes to the overall structure of Earth's interior.
40
What does the inner core consist mainly of?
Solid iron and nickel ## Footnote The inner core reaches temperatures as high as 7000°C.
41
What fraction of Earth's mass does the mantle make up?
About two thirds ## Footnote The mantle is the layer between the crust and the outer core.
42
How does the heat from the inner core affect the crust? Does the crust in turn affect something else?
The crust radiates heat into the atmosphere ## Footnote This is due to the high temperatures present in the inner core.
43
True or False: The outer core is solid.
False ## Footnote The outer core is liquid due to insufficient pressure.
44
Fill in the blank: The inner core reaches temperatures as high as _______.
7000°C ## Footnote This high temperature is primarily due to the pressure and radioactive decay.
45
What are earthquakes?
Earthquakes are tremblings or vibrations of the ground.
46
What causes earthquakes?
The sudden release of energy that has slowly been building up in Earth's crust.
47
What happens to large masses of rock in the Earth's crust before an earthquake?
They move and sometimes become locked together or stuck.
48
What is created when large masses of rock become locked together?
A tremendous force.
49
What happens when the rocks finally break?
This sudden break causes an earthquake.
50
What is the first place that rocks break below the surface in an earthquake called?
Focus ## Footnote The focus is the initial point of rupture in an earthquake.
51
What happens when rocks break at the focus during an earthquake?
Releases energy that spreads as waves through Earth ## Footnote This energy release is what generates seismic waves.
52
What are the waves called that spread through Earth during an earthquake?
Seismic waves ## Footnote The term 'seismic' comes from the Greek word 'seismos,' meaning 'earthquake.'
53
What causes the shaking felt during an earthquake?
Seismic waves moving through the ground ## Footnote The intensity of the shaking depends on the power of the seismic waves.
54
What can powerful seismic waves do to Earth's surface?
Damage and change it ## Footnote The extent of damage can vary based on the energy released and the geological conditions.
55
How do geologists use seismic waves in their studies?
To study Earth's interior ## Footnote Seismic waves travel through Earth's layers, providing insights similar to X-rays in medicine.
56
What is the epicentre of an earthquake?
The point on the surface directly above the focus ## Footnote The focus is the actual location within the Earth where the earthquake originates.
57
Why do officials need to know the epicentre of an earthquake?
To provide disaster relief and determine potential harm to people, buildings, transportation systems, or communications.
58
What scales do geologists use to measure the strength of earthquakes?
Various scales to determine the strength or magnitude ## Footnote These scales allow for data sharing and comparison among scientists worldwide.
59
What is the name of the scale used to report earthquake magnitude?
Richter scale.
60
Who developed the Richter scale and in what year?
Charles Richter in 1935.
61
How much stronger is an earthquake of Richter magnitude 2 compared to one of magnitude 1?
10 times stronger.
62
True or False: The epicentre is located below the Earth's surface.
False.
63
Fill in the blank: The epicentre is directly above the _______.
[focus]
64
What is the epicentre of an earthquake?
The point on the surface directly above the focus ## Footnote The focus is the actual location within the Earth where the earthquake originates.
65
Why do officials need to know the epicentre of an earthquake?
To provide disaster relief and determine potential harm to people, buildings, transportation systems, or communications.
66
What is a volcano?
A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust through which solid and molten rock, ash, and gases escape.
67
What natural phenomenon is associated with volcanoes?
Earthquakes.
68
True or False: Scientists can accurately predict when a volcano will erupt.
False.
69
Fill in the blank: A deep rumbling in the ground and a fiery flash in the night sky are signs of a _______.
volcano.
70
What materials escape from a volcano during an eruption?
Solid and molten rock, ash, and gases.
71
What are the two main processes that shape Earth's surface?
Weathering and erosion ## Footnote Weathering involves breaking down rocks, while erosion involves transporting the weathered materials.
72
Define weathering.
The mechanical and chemical process that breaks down rocks by means of water, glacial ice, wind, and waves ## Footnote Weathering can be mechanical or chemical, affecting rock composition and structure.
73
What is erosion?
The process where products of weathering are transported from place to place ## Footnote Erosion can occur due to agents like wind, water, and ice.
74
What is deposition?
The process of materials being laid down or deposited by wind, water, and ice ## Footnote Deposition occurs after erosion has transported materials.
75
True or False: Weathering produces new materials.
False ## Footnote Weathering breaks down existing materials but does not create new ones.
76
What is mechanical weathering?
The process where rock is broken apart without changing its chemical composition ## Footnote Mechanical weathering can occur due to physical forces like freeze-thaw cycles.
77
Fill in the blank: The process of weathering and erosion leads to the __________ of Earth's features.
transformation ## Footnote This transformation can create various landforms and landscapes.
78
List the agents that contribute to weathering.
* Water * Glacial ice * Wind * Waves ## Footnote Each agent plays a role in breaking down rocks through different processes.
79
What role does wind play in weathering?
Wind helps in the mechanical weathering process by eroding materials and transporting them ## Footnote Wind can carry small particles that can abrade larger rocks.
80
What is chemical weathering?
Chemical weathering happens when water and oxygen react with the minerals in rocks to produce new minerals. ## Footnote These new minerals are often softer and can crumble more easily.
81
How do acids contribute to chemical weathering?
Gases combine with rain or snow to form acids that can wear away rocks by dissolving the minerals in them. ## Footnote This process is similar to a sugar cube dissolving in water.
82
What is biological weathering?
Biological weathering is the wearing away of rocks by living things. ## Footnote Growing plants force their roots into small spaces where soil has collected.
83
How do plants contribute to biological weathering?
Plants can break down rocks by forcing their roots into them as they grow. ## Footnote This can create small cracks that eventually lead to the rocks crumbling.
84
What is the effect of moving water on erosion?
Moving water, like rivers and streams, is one of the most powerful forces of erosion that alters the landscape. ## Footnote It can pick up fine grains of soil and carry them along.
85
Fill in the blank: Chemical weathering produces new _______.
[minerals]
86
True or False: Biological weathering only occurs in dry environments.
False
87
What can be observed in older buildings and statues affected by acid rain?
They exhibit wear and degradation due to chemical weathering. ## Footnote Acid rain can dissolve minerals in the stone, leading to structural damage.
88
What happens to certain rocks exposed to chemical weathering?
They wear away similarly to a sugar cube dissolving in water. ## Footnote This process reduces their size until they eventually disappear.
89
What is the load of silt, sand, mud, and gravel carried by rivers called?
Sediment ## Footnote Sediment is the material that rivers carry and deposit as they flow.
90
What is the process called when sediments are deposited?
Sedimentation ## Footnote Sedimentation typically occurs at the bottom of bodies of water.
91
What factors influence the weathering process in rivers?
Nature of moving water, amount of water, steepness of terrain ## Footnote These factors affect how quickly and effectively sediments are weathered.
92
What term is used for landforms that are created by the action of rivers?
Fluvial landforms ## Footnote Fluvial landforms result from the processes of erosion, transport, and deposition of sediments by rivers.
93
Fill in the blank: The process of sediments being deposited usually occurs at the _______.
Bottom ## Footnote Sediments settle at the bottom of rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water.
94
True or False: Sedimentation can take a great deal of time.
True ## Footnote The process of sedimentation is often gradual and can take thousands of years.
95
What are examples of fluvial landforms?
'Fluvial landforms' are features on the Earth's surface produced by the action, i.e. erosion and deposition, of a stream or river and include such landforms as bars, levees, braided and meandering channels, and alluvial fans. ' The major fluvial (river and stream) depositional environments include: * Deltas (arguably an intermediate environment between fluvial and marine) * Point bars. * Alluvial fans. * Braided rivers. * Oxbow lakes. * Levees. * Waterfalls.
96
What is erosion?
The powerful forces caused by moving water that gradually wear away rock and soil.
97
What does erosion transport?
Rock and soil.
98
At what speed can erosion change the landscape?
Sometimes quickly, such as in landslides.
99
What are landslides?
Sudden movements of rocks and soil down a slope.
100
When do landslides usually happen?
When soil on the side of a hill gets shaken with water.
101
What happens to vegetation during a landslide?
It slides down the hillside along with the soil.
102
Fill in the blank: Erosion is caused by _______.
[moving water or wind]
103
True or False: Erosion can only change the landscape gradually.
False
104
What can happen to buildings during a landslide?
They can slide down the hillside.
105
What phenomenon is described as having shaped the landscape over millions of years?
Glacial activity ## Footnote Glaciers have been significant agents of erosion and landscape modification.
106
Fill in the blank: The landscape has been greatly shaped by _______.
glaciers
107
What is the approximate range of glacial thickness mentioned?
600 to 1000 meters ## Footnote This thickness indicates the substantial mass of ice that can influence geological formations.
108
True or False: The text suggests that glaciers have been present for only a few thousand years.
False ## Footnote Glaciers have existed for millions of years, shaping the earth's surface.
109
What are the sounds associated with glacier movement?
Creaking and groaning noises ## Footnote These sounds are indicative of the dynamic processes occurring within and around glaciers.
110
What is the significance of bedrock in the context of glaciers?
Bedrock is the underlying layer that glaciers erode and shape ## Footnote The interaction between glaciers and bedrock is vital for understanding geological processes.
111
What term refers to the study of glaciers and their impact on the landscape?
Glaciology ## Footnote Glaciology encompasses the study of ice, snow, glaciers, and their effects on the earth.
112
What geographic area is mentioned in relation to glacial visitation?
North America ## Footnote North America has significant glacial features and histories worth studying.
113
What are the building blocks of rock?
Pure, naturally occurring solid materials called minerals. ## Footnote Minerals are essential components of rocks.
114
What is the composition of all rocks?
All rocks are made of minerals. ## Footnote This includes both single-mineral rocks and multi-mineral rocks.
115
What type of rock is formed of only one mineral?
Limestone. ## Footnote Limestone is an example of a monomineralic rock.
116
What is granite composed of?
Several different minerals. ## Footnote Granite is an example of a polymineralic rock.
117
What are the small particles that make up a rock called?
Grains. ## Footnote The grains can vary in size, shape, and composition.
118
What factors affect the appearance and properties of a rock?
The nature of its grains and the particular materials of which they are made. ## Footnote This includes factors such as mineral composition and texture.
119
True or False: All rocks are made of the same type of minerals.
False. ## Footnote Different rocks can be composed of different minerals.
120
Fill in the blank: The appearance and properties of a rock depend on the nature of its _______.
grains. ## Footnote Grains are the basic components that determine rock characteristics.
121
What is the total number of different minerals identified?
More than 3500 different minerals have been identified.
122
How many minerals combine to form the majority of the rocks in Earth's crust?
Five minerals combine to form the majority of the rocks.
123
True or False: You need to recognize all 3500 minerals to identify most rocks.
False
124
Fill in the blank: The five primary minerals that constitute most rocks are calcite, quartz, ________, mica, and hornblende.
[feldspar]
125
List the five minerals that form the majority of the rocks in Earth's crust.
* Mica * Hornblende * Feldspar * Calcite * Quartz My hairy, feathered cat is quaint.
126
What is required to identify rocks?
Identify the minerals they contain
127
What have geologists developed to describe rocks and minerals?
A series of classifications for describing their properties
128
What are properties in the context of minerals?
Features that a material or object has
129
List some important properties used to identify minerals.
* Colour * Lustre * Streak * Cleavage * Hardness
130
Is knowing only one property sufficient to identify a mineral?
No, you need to look at a combination of these properties
131
What is the first property you usually notice in minerals?
Colour
132
What does lustre refer to in minerals?
The way the surface of a mineral reflects light
133
What is metallic lustre?
When minerals are shiny like metals, such as gold or silver
134
Can two minerals with the same colour be differentiated?
Yes, lustre may help to tell them apart
135
Provide examples of words used to describe a mineral's lustre.
* Pearly * Glassy * Waxy * Silky * Brilliant
136
What is a mineral's streak?
The colour of the powder that it leaves behind when rubbed across a rough surface ## Footnote The streak may not be the same as the mineral's color.
137
How do geologists typically test for a mineral's streak?
By scratching a mineral sample on an unglazed ceramic tile ## Footnote The tile used is similar to bathroom tiles but is not shiny.
138
What does cleavage in minerals refer to?
The tendency of a mineral to split easily into two smooth surfaces.
139
What is the difference between cleavage and fracture in minerals?
Cleavage is smooth splitting, while fracture is rough and uneven breakage.
140
Can any mineral be fractured?
Yes, any mineral can be fractured if enough force is applied.
141
What does the rock cycle describe?
How rocks form.
142
What is the definition of hardness in minerals?
The hardness of a mineral is measured by how easily it can be scratched.
143
Who developed the Mohs scale of hardness?
Frederic Mohs, a German scientist.
144
What is the range of the Mohs scale of hardness?
1 to 10.
145
List the minerals included in the Mohs scale of hardness from softest to hardest.
* Talc * Gypsum * Calcite * Fluorite * Apatite * Feldspar * Quartz * Topaz * Corundum * Diamond
146
What mineral is ranked as the softest on the Mohs scale?
Talc.
147
What mineral is ranked as the hardest on the Mohs scale?
Diamond.
148
Fill in the blank: The relative hardness of a mineral is measured using _______.
Mohs scale.
149
True or False: A fingernail can scratch a mineral ranked at 2 on the Mohs scale.
True.
150
What is the significance of identifying rocks and minerals in Canada?
It's big business and a major part of the economy.
151
Which country is the world's largest mineral exporter?
Canada.
152
List some of the leading minerals produced by Canada.
* Gold * Copper * Nickel * Zinc * Lead * Silver * Iron ore * Asbestos * Potash * Sand * Gravel * Clay Although Canada has at last ended domestic extraction and export of asbestos, it has not banned asbestos use, unlike many developed nations, including Australia and all countries within the European Union. Furthermore, Canada is not an advocate for ending asbestos use worldwide.
153
How many mines and quarries are there in Canada?
Over 500.
154
In which regions of Canada do mining operations take place?
In every province and territory.
155
True or False: Canada is a leading producer of iron ore.
True.
156
Fill in the blank: Canada produces minerals such as _______ and _______.
[gold, copper]
157
What is the significance of identifying rocks and minerals in Canada?
It's big business and a major part of the economy.
158
Which country is the world's largest mineral exporter?
Canada.
159
List some of the leading minerals produced by Canada.
* Gold * Copper * Nickel * Zinc * Lead * Silver * Iron ore * Asbestos * Potash * Sand * Gravel * Clay
160
How many mines and quarries are there in Canada?
Over 500.
161
In which regions of Canada do mining operations take place?
In every province and territory.
162
True or False: Canada is a leading producer of iron ore.
True.
163
Fill in the blank: Canada produces minerals such as _______ and _______.
[gold, copper]
164
What are the three major types of rocks?
Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
165
Where can you observe the formation of igneous rock?
At active volcanoes, such as those in Hawaii and Iceland
166
Fill in the blank: All rocks can be organized into three major families or types according to how they were formed as: _______.
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
167
True or False: All rocks are formed in the same way.
False
168
What does the term 'igneous' derive from?
The Latin word 'ignis,' meaning fire.
169
What is the primary material from which igneous rocks form?
Hot, molten rock called magma.
170
What happens to magma when it cools?
It becomes hard and cold.
171
Where may magma cool?
Deep inside Earth or at the surface.
172
What is magma called when it flows out onto the surface?
Lava.
173
What is a key difference between igneous rocks that cool on the surface and those that cool deep inside Earth?
Their appearance, which can be observed in photographs of pegmatite and basalt.
174
What are the two groups of igneous rock classified by?
Whether it was formed on or below Earth's surface
175
What is intrusive rock?
Rock formed from magma that cooled and hardened beneath the surface
176
Where can intrusive rock be found on the surface?
Where erosion has worn away the rock that once lay above it
177
What is extrusive rock?
Rock formed from lava cooling on the surface
178
Fill in the blank: Rock formed from _____ is called extrusive rock.
lava cooling on the surface
179
What are sedimentary rocks?
Rocks that have layers and form from small pieces of rock carried by water or wind.
180
How do sedimentary rocks form?
They form when sediments settle onto rocks below them and are compressed over time.
181
What is a key characteristic of sedimentary rocks?
They have layers.
182
What can sediments in sedimentary rocks be made up of?
They can be made up mainly of tiny shells from dead animals.
183
What happens to sediments over time as more pile up?
The ones on the bottom are squeezed by the weight of those above.
184
Fill in the blank: Sedimentary rocks are formed under _______ over time.
pressure
185
True or False: Sedimentary rocks can form from volcanic activity.
False
186
What role does water or wind play in the formation of sedimentary rocks?
They carry small pieces of rock that settle down.
187
What happens to sediments when they are subjected to pressure?
They turn into sedimentary rock.
188
What are sedimentary rocks primarily formed from?
Fragments of rocks or shells
189
What can water dissolve from rocks that contributes to the salinity of oceans?
Salts
190
Why is the ocean salty?
Rivers carry salts into the ocean
191
What happens when bodies of water containing dissolved salts dry up?
They leave salts behind and form thick beds
192
What type of sedimentary rock is formed from organic, living material?
Coal
193
What is coal primarily derived from?
Decay of plant matter
194
Which region is noted for being an important producer of coal?
Alberta
195
Fill in the blank: The salt you use on your food is one of these _____ from rocks.
salts
196
True or False: All sedimentary rocks form from the fragments of other rocks.
False
197
What are sedimentary rocks primarily formed from?
Fragments of rocks or shells
198
What can water dissolve from rocks that contributes to the salinity of oceans?
Salts
199
Why is the ocean salty?
Rivers carry salts into the ocean
200
What happens when bodies of water containing dissolved salts dry up?
They leave salts behind and form thick beds
201
What is coal primarily derived from?
Decay of plant matter
202
What are metamorphic rocks?
Rocks that have been changed due to intense heat and pressure.
203
What does the term 'metamorphic' derive from?
'Meta' means change and 'morph' means form.
204
What types of rocks can metamorphic rocks originate from?
* Igneous rocks * Sedimentary rocks * Other metamorphic rocks
205
What processes are involved in the formation of metamorphic rocks?
Intense heat and pressure deep below Earth's surface.
206
True or False: Metamorphic rocks can only form from sedimentary rocks.
False
207
What is the process of grouping objects or events with the same characteristics called?
Classifying ## Footnote Classifying is essential for organizing data in various scientific fields, particularly geology.
208
What do geologists do when they find a new rock or rock formation?
They classify it ## Footnote Classification helps geologists understand the characteristics and origins of the rock.
209
Fill in the blank: Classifying is the _______ of objects or events that have the same characteristics.
grouping
210
True or False: Scientists do not need to classify objects or events when analyzing data.
False ## Footnote Classification is a fundamental step in data analysis for scientists.
211
What do scientists spend much of their time doing?
Collecting, organizing, and trying to understand their data ## Footnote This process is crucial for making sense of scientific observations.
212
What is remote sensing in geology?
Mapping of Earth's surface from aircraft or orbiting satellites ## Footnote It involves examining rock formations, soil types, and vegetation in aerial images to infer possible locations of mineral deposits.
213
What is geophysical prospecting?
Using sensitive instruments to detect mineral deposits hidden deep underground ## Footnote Some minerals, such as iron and copper, are magnetic and can be detected with a magnetometer.
214
What is geochemical prospecting?
Making chemical analysis of samples taken from the environment ## Footnote Geologists look for evidence of traces of metals that may indicate the presence of an ore body.
215
What is the purpose of exploration drilling?
To verify the existence of an ore body ## Footnote A diamond-tipped drill bit is used to extract rock that can be thousands of meters long.
216
Which technique involves analyzing aerial images for mineral deposits?
Remote sensing
217
True or False: Geologists still primarily search for minerals on foot.
False
218
Fill in the blank: Geophysical prospecting uses _______ instruments to detect mineral deposits.
[sensitive]
219
List three tools and techniques used by geologists today.
* Remote sensing * Geophysical prospecting * Geochemical prospecting
220
What type of drill bit is used in exploration drilling?
Diamond-tipped drill bit
221
Fill in the blank: Geochemical prospecting looks for traces of _______ that may indicate the presence of an ore body.
[metals]
222
What is the rock cycle?
The process of change in rocks, involving alterations across different classifications: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
223
How can an igneous rock change classification?
An igneous rock may be weathered, and its grains deposited to form a sedimentary rock.
224
What is an example of a metamorphic rock formed from another metamorphic rock?
Schist is a metamorphic rock formed from slate.
225
What are the three main classifications of rocks?
* Igneous * Sedimentary * Metamorphic
226
True or False: Rocks can be altered so much that they change classifications.
True
227
Fill in the blank: The process of change in rocks is called the _______.
[rock cycle]
228
What type of rock is formed from intense heat and pressure?
Metamorphic rock
229
What happens to sediments during the rock cycle?
Sediments undergo weathering and erosion.
230
What is the role of weathering in the rock cycle?
Weathering breaks down rocks, allowing their grains to be deposited and potentially form new rock types.
231
What is the significance of the rock cycle model for geologists?
It helps in understanding the processes and transformations that rocks undergo.
232
What are the three main classifications of rocks?
* Igneous * Sedimentary * Metamorphic
233
True or False: Rocks can be altered so much that they change classifications.
True
234
Fill in the blank: The process of change in rocks is called the _______.
[rock cycle]
235
What type of rock is formed from intense heat and pressure?
Metamorphic rock
236
What happens to sediments during the rock cycle?
Sediments undergo weathering and erosion.
237
What is the role of weathering in the rock cycle?
Weathering breaks down rocks, allowing their grains to be deposited and potentially form new rock types.
238
What is the significance of the rock cycle model for geologists?
It helps in understanding the processes and transformations that rocks undergo.
239
What type of rocks is found in Alberta's oldest layer?
Igneous and metamorphic rocks ## Footnote The oldest layer, known as the Precambrian Shield, formed between 544 and 4500 million years ago.
240
What is the age range of the rocks that make up the Interior Plain of Alberta?
Between 544 million and 1.5 million years old ## Footnote This layer is sandwiched between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains.
241
What percentage of Alberta's landscape is covered by the Precambrian Shield?
3% ## Footnote The Precambrian Shield is only exposed in the northeast corner of Alberta.
242
What is the composition of the overburden material found in backyards?
Sand, gravel, stones, and boulders ## Footnote This material lies above the bedrock.
243
Which geological feature underlies all of Alberta?
The Precambrian Shield ## Footnote It is the world's oldest rock formation.
244
What is the geographical relationship between the Interior Plain and other regions?
It extends across Saskatchewan and Manitoba ## Footnote The Interior Plain is wedge-shaped and lies between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains.
245
Fill in the blank: The oldest layer of rock in Alberta is called the _______.
Precambrian Shield
246
True or False: The Precambrian Shield is primarily found in the southern part of Alberta.
False ## Footnote It is primarily exposed in the northeast corner.
247
What type of rocks is found in Alberta's oldest layer?
Igneous and metamorphic rocks ## Footnote The oldest layer, known as the Precambrian Shield, formed between 544 and 4500 million years ago.
248
What is the age range of the rocks that make up the Interior Plain of Alberta?
Between 544 million and 1.5 million years old ## Footnote This layer is sandwiched between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains.
249
What percentage of Alberta's landscape is covered by the Precambrian Shield?
3% ## Footnote The Precambrian Shield is only exposed in the northeast corner of Alberta.
250
What is the composition of the overburden material found in backyards?
Sand, gravel, stones, and boulders ## Footnote This material lies above the bedrock.
251
Which geological feature underlies all of Alberta?
The Precambrian Shield ## Footnote It is the world's oldest rock formation.
252
What is the geographical relationship between the Interior Plain and other regions?
It extends across Saskatchewan and Manitoba ## Footnote The Interior Plain is wedge-shaped and lies between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains.
253
Fill in the blank: The oldest layer of rock in Alberta is called the _______.
Precambrian Shield
254
True or False: The Precambrian Shield is primarily found in the southern part of Alberta.
False ## Footnote It is primarily exposed in the northeast corner.
255
Who developed the hypothesis of continental drift?
Alfred Wegener ## Footnote Alfred Wegener was a German scientist who proposed the theory in 1910.
256
What was the name of the single land mass proposed by Wegener?
Pangaea ## Footnote Pangaea means 'all lands' in Greek.
257
In what year did Alfred Wegener notice the shapes of the continents?
1910 ## Footnote This observation led to the development of the continental drift hypothesis.
258
What does the term 'continental drift' refer to?
The idea that continents have slowly drifted apart over time.
259
What did Wegener notice about the outlines of the continents?
They looked as if they could fit together.
260
Fill in the blank: Wegener's hypothesis suggested that all continents were once joined together in a single land mass called _______.
Pangaea
261
True or False: Alfred Wegener's hypothesis was immediately accepted by the scientific community.
False ## Footnote Wegener's ideas faced skepticism and were not widely accepted during his time.
262
What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis?
The shapes of continents and similarities in fossil records ## Footnote Glossopteris fossils were one example of evidence he presented.
263
Who developed the hypothesis of continental drift?
Alfred Wegener ## Footnote Alfred Wegener was a German scientist who proposed the theory in 1910.
264
What was the name of the single land mass proposed by Wegener?
Pangaea ## Footnote Pangaea means 'all lands' in Greek.
265
In what year did Alfred Wegener notice the shapes of the continents?
1910 ## Footnote This observation led to the development of the continental drift hypothesis.
266
What does the term 'continental drift' refer to?
The idea that continents have slowly drifted apart over time.
267
What did Wegener notice about the outlines of the continents?
They looked as if they could fit together.
268
Fill in the blank: Wegener's hypothesis suggested that all continents were once joined together in a single land mass called _______.
Pangaea
269
True or False: Alfred Wegener's hypothesis was immediately accepted by the scientific community.
False ## Footnote Wegener's ideas faced skepticism and were not widely accepted during his time.
270
What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis?
The shapes of continents and similarities in fossil records ## Footnote Glossopteris fossils were one example of evidence he presented.
271
What do scientists notice about the occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes?
They tend to occur in the same areas around the world.
272
What are the distinctive deep valleys under the oceans called?
Trenches.
273
What are the long underwater mountain ranges called?
Ridges.
274
What is the name of the mountain range in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean?
Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
275
What key evidence did scientists find regarding the age of rocks at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?
The rock at its top was younger than the rock on the surrounding ocean floor and the edges of the continents.
276
What do scientists notice about the occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes?
They tend to occur in the same areas around the world.
277
What are the distinctive deep valleys under the oceans called?
Trenches.
278
What are the long underwater mountain ranges called?
Ridges.
279
What is the name of the mountain range in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean?
Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
280
What key evidence did scientists find regarding the age of rocks at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?
The rock at its top was younger than the rock on the surrounding ocean floor and the edges of the continents.
281
What is the primary evidence for the Theory of Plate Tectonics?
Strong evidence from the concentration of earthquakes and volcanoes in specific areas ## Footnote This evidence supports the idea of tectonic plates interacting at their boundaries.
282
What phenomenon occurs in areas where few or no earthquakes and volcanoes are found?
Stable geological regions ## Footnote These areas indicate a lack of tectonic activity.
283
What are the two main types of crust that tectonic plates carry?
Continental and oceanic crust ## Footnote Tectonic plates can consist of either type or a combination of both.
284
Fill in the blank: The lithosphere is broken up into large areas called _______.
[plates]
285
What geological feature results from geothermal activity when water returns to the surface?
Hot springs ## Footnote Hot springs are often found in regions with active geothermal processes.
286
What happens to the ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges?
The ocean floor is spreading away ## Footnote This process contributes to the movement of tectonic plates.
287
What occurs to the ocean floor near the edges of continents?
The ocean floor is moving down into deep trenches ## Footnote These trenches are formed by subduction, where one plate moves under another.
288
True or False: The plates of the lithosphere move quickly on a solid layer of crust.
False ## Footnote The plates move slowly on a semi-solid layer of the mantle.
289
What analogy is used to describe the lithosphere in the Theory of Plate Tectonics?
A cracked eggshell ## Footnote This analogy illustrates how the lithosphere is divided into different plates.
290
What is the primary evidence for the Theory of Plate Tectonics?
Strong evidence from the concentration of earthquakes and volcanoes in specific areas ## Footnote This evidence supports the idea of tectonic plates interacting at their boundaries.
291
What phenomenon occurs in areas where few or no earthquakes and volcanoes are found?
Stable geological regions ## Footnote These areas indicate a lack of tectonic activity.
292
What are the two main types of crust that tectonic plates carry?
Continental and oceanic crust ## Footnote Tectonic plates can consist of either type or a combination of both.
293
Fill in the blank: The lithosphere is broken up into large areas called _______.
[plates]
294
What geological feature results from geothermal activity when water returns to the surface?
Hot springs ## Footnote Hot springs are often found in regions with active geothermal processes.
295
What happens to the ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges?
The ocean floor is spreading away ## Footnote This process contributes to the movement of tectonic plates.
296
What occurs to the ocean floor near the edges of continents?
The ocean floor is moving down into deep trenches ## Footnote These trenches are formed by subduction, where one plate moves under another.
297
True or False: The plates of the lithosphere move quickly on a solid layer of crust.
False ## Footnote The plates move slowly on a semi-solid layer of the mantle.
298
What analogy is used to describe the lithosphere in the Theory of Plate Tectonics?
A cracked eggshell ## Footnote This analogy illustrates how the lithosphere is divided into different plates.
299
What are the deep valleys found on the ocean floors called?
Trenches ## Footnote Trenches are significant geological features that indicate the presence of subduction zones.
300
What are the mountain chains discovered on ocean floors referred to as?
Ridges ## Footnote Ridges often indicate areas where tectonic plates are diverging.
301
What is the lithosphere composed of?
Large and small tectonic plates ## Footnote The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of Earth that includes the crust and upper mantle.
302
What is a boundary in geological terms?
The edge where plates meet ## Footnote Plate boundaries can be divergent, convergent, or transform.
303
What happens at divergent plate boundaries?
Plates move apart ## Footnote This movement can lead to the formation of new oceanic crust.
304
What happens at convergent plate boundaries?
Plates collide ## Footnote This can result in subduction, mountain formation, or earthquakes.
305
True or False: The lithosphere is broken into more than two tectonic plates.
True ## Footnote The lithosphere is made up of several large and numerous smaller plates.
306
Fill in the blank: The map of the Earth's plates shows major features such as _______ and ridges.
trenches ## Footnote Understanding these features is crucial for studying plate tectonics.
307
What is a diverging boundary?
A boundary where two of Earth's plates are moving apart ## Footnote An example of a diverging boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
308
What happens at a diverging boundary?
Lava flows from the ridge to form new oceanic crust ## Footnote Sometimes, volcanoes that grow from this process become visible above the ocean's surface, such as those in Iceland.
309
What is a converging boundary?
A boundary where plates are moving toward each other ## Footnote The effects of their collision can be felt as earthquakes and seen as mountains.
310
What are the two kinds of converging boundaries?
1. Oceanic-continental convergence 2. Oceanic-oceanic convergence ## Footnote The first type involves one plate carrying oceanic crust and the other carrying continental crust.
311
What occurs during oceanic-continental convergence?
The denser oceanic crust is subducted beneath the lighter continental crust ## Footnote This process is known as subduction.
312
What is subduction?
The process where one plate is forced down into the mantle beneath another plate ## Footnote It often leads to the formation of trenches and can cause earthquakes.
313
What geological features are formed at converging boundaries?
Mountains and volcanoes ## Footnote These features can arise from the collision and subduction of tectonic plates.
314
True or False: At diverging boundaries, new oceanic crust is formed.
True ## Footnote This occurs through lava flow from ridges.
315
Fill in the blank: The process where one plate grinds down past another at converging boundaries is called _______.
[subduction]
316
What is a diverging boundary?
A boundary where two of Earth's plates are moving apart ## Footnote An example of a diverging boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
317
What happens at a diverging boundary?
Lava flows from the ridge to form new oceanic crust ## Footnote Sometimes, volcanoes that grow from this process become visible above the ocean's surface, such as those in Iceland.
318
What is a converging boundary?
A boundary where plates are moving toward each other ## Footnote The effects of their collision can be felt as earthquakes and seen as mountains.
319
What are the two kinds of converging boundaries?
1. Oceanic-continental convergence 2. Oceanic-oceanic convergence ## Footnote The first type involves one plate carrying oceanic crust and the other carrying continental crust.
320
What occurs during oceanic-continental convergence?
The denser oceanic crust is subducted beneath the lighter continental crust ## Footnote This process is known as subduction.
321
What is subduction?
The process where one plate is forced down into the mantle beneath another plate ## Footnote It often leads to the formation of trenches and can cause earthquakes.
322
What geological features are formed at converging boundaries?
Mountains and volcanoes ## Footnote These features can arise from the collision and subduction of tectonic plates.
323
True or False: At diverging boundaries, new oceanic crust is formed.
True ## Footnote This occurs through lava flow from ridges.
324
Fill in the blank: The process where one plate grinds down past another at converging boundaries is called _______.
[subduction]
325
What is the lithosphere?
The rigid outer layer of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle. ## Footnote The lithosphere is involved in tectonic plate movements.
326
What happens at a converging boundary?
Two tectonic plates collide, potentially forming mountain ranges. ## Footnote This process can lead to significant geological formations.
327
What type of mountain range is formed by two continental plates colliding?
Huge mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas. ## Footnote The Himalayas are formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.
328
What is a transform boundary?
A type of boundary where tectonic plates slide sideways past each other. ## Footnote This movement can cause earthquakes due to friction.
329
Where can a transform boundary be found in the United States?
Along the San Andreas Fault. ## Footnote The San Andreas Fault is a well-known example of a transform boundary.
330
What occurs when rocks at a transform boundary bind and catch on each other?
Earthquakes. ## Footnote The stress builds up until it is released, causing seismic activity.
331
Fill in the blank: The process of two continental plates crushing together forms _____ ranges.
mountain
332
Who proposed a theory regarding the formation of the Hawaiian Islands?
Tuzo Wilson. ## Footnote Wilson's theory involves hotspot volcanism.
333
What is the main feature of a converging boundary?
Collisions between tectonic plates. ## Footnote This can lead to various geological phenomena, including earthquakes and mountain formation.
334
What is a mountain?
A mountain is part of Earth's surface that is much higher than the land around it.
335
What is a mountain range?
A mountain range is a series of mountains.
336
What is the Rocky Mountains known for?
The Rocky Mountains extend from the north in the Yukon territory, through the United States and into southern Mexico, making it one of the longest mountain ranges in the world.
337
Where do the Rocky Mountains straddle in Canada?
The Rocky Mountains straddle the border with British Columbia in Alberta.
338
What processes result in mountain building?
Mountain building is the result of several geological processes.
339
What is the Earth's crust composed of?
The Earth's crust is made of several plates that fit together like a giant jigsaw puzzle.
340
True or False: The plates of the Earth's crust are stationary.
False
341
Fill in the blank: A mountain is part of Earth's surface that is much _______ than the land around it.
[higher]
342
Fill in the blank: The Rocky Mountains make it one of the longest mountain ranges in the _______.
[world]
343
What is a mountain?
A mountain is part of Earth's surface that is much higher than the land around it.
344
What is a mountain range?
A mountain range is a series of mountains.
345
What is the Rocky Mountains known for?
The Rocky Mountains extend from the north in the Yukon territory, through the United States and into southern Mexico, making it one of the longest mountain ranges in the world.
346
Where do the Rocky Mountains straddle in Canada?
The Rocky Mountains straddle the border with British Columbia in Alberta.
347
What processes result in mountain building?
Mountain building is the result of several geological processes.
348
What is the Earth's crust composed of?
The Earth's crust is made of several plates that fit together like a giant jigsaw puzzle.
349
True or False: The plates of the Earth's crust are stationary.
False
350
Fill in the blank: A mountain is part of Earth's surface that is much _______ than the land around it.
[higher]
351
Fill in the blank: The Rocky Mountains make it one of the longest mountain ranges in the _______.
[world]
352
What geological process leads to the formation of mountains?
Mountains form in places where tectonic plates collide ## Footnote This process is evident in regions with frequent earthquakes and rising mountain ranges.
353
Which land mass is currently pressing into southern Asia?
India ## Footnote This collision contributes to seismic activity in the region.
354
What evidence indicates that the Himalayas are still growing?
Mt. Everest is about 50 cm higher than it was 40 years ago ## Footnote This indicates ongoing tectonic activity.
355
How did Alberta's Rocky Mountains form?
They formed from tectonic processes over 200 million years ago, with building ceasing about 140 million years ago ## Footnote This highlights the long geological history of mountain formation.
356
What was the climate of Alberta nearly 500 million years ago?
Tropical ## Footnote This indicates significant climatic changes over geological time.
357
What geographical feature was located where Alberta's current border with British Columbia is now?
A warm, shallow sea ## Footnote This sea played a crucial role in sediment deposition.
358
What happened to the sediments in Alberta's shallow sea?
They were constantly filled, flowed over land, and deposited in layers ## Footnote This process created a sediment pile up to 10-1 km thick.
359
What types of materials were deposited in the layers on the sea floor?
Sand, mud, and debris ## Footnote These materials contributed to the thick layers of sediment.
360
Fill in the blank: The layers of sediment on the sea floor could reach depths of up to _______.
1 km ## Footnote This shows the extent of sediment accumulation in the geological past.
361
What geological process leads to the formation of mountains?
Mountains form in places where tectonic plates collide ## Footnote This process is evident in regions with frequent earthquakes and rising mountain ranges.
362
Which land mass is currently pressing into southern Asia?
India ## Footnote This collision contributes to seismic activity in the region.
363
What evidence indicates that the Himalayas are still growing?
Mt. Everest is about 50 cm higher than it was 40 years ago ## Footnote This indicates ongoing tectonic activity.
364
How did Alberta's Rocky Mountains form?
They formed from tectonic processes over 200 million years ago, with building ceasing about 140 million years ago ## Footnote This highlights the long geological history of mountain formation.
365
What was the climate of Alberta nearly 500 million years ago?
Tropical ## Footnote This indicates significant climatic changes over geological time.
366
What geographical feature was located where Alberta's current border with British Columbia is now?
A warm, shallow sea ## Footnote This sea played a crucial role in sediment deposition.
367
What happened to the sediments in Alberta's shallow sea?
They were constantly filled, flowed over land, and deposited in layers ## Footnote This process created a sediment pile up to 10-1 km thick.
368
What types of materials were deposited in the layers on the sea floor?
Sand, mud, and debris ## Footnote These materials contributed to the thick layers of sediment.
369
Fill in the blank: The layers of sediment on the sea floor could reach depths of up to _______.
1 km ## Footnote This shows the extent of sediment accumulation in the geological past.
370
What occurred after more than a billion years of sediment deposition?
The collision of two plates occurred.
371
Which two plates were involved in the collision?
The North American Plate and the Pacific Plate.
372
What effect did the collision have on the oceanic crust?
It forced the denser oceanic crust of the Pacific Plate downward below the lighter continental crust of the North American Plate.
373
What were the two major effects of the collision between the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate?
* Oceanic crust forced downward * Sediments on the edge of the North American Plate folded and broke.
374
What happened to the sediments on the edge of the North American Plate during the collision?
They were forced to fold and break.
375
How much did the sediments move from their original position due to the pressure of the plates?
More than 250 km east.
376
What mountain in Banff was formed as a result of the geological processes described?
Mount Rundle.
377
What geological features were created by the folding, breaking, sliding, and piling of sediments?
The Rocky Mountains.
378
Which type of plate is thicker and lighter, continental or oceanic?
Continental plate.
379
True or False: The oceanic plate is thicker and lighter than the continental plate.
False.
380
Fill in the blank: The North American Plate carried what is now _______.
Alberta.
381
What processes lead to the formation of mountains?
Collision between plates, resulting in compression forces ## Footnote These processes cause sedimentary rocks to bend and break.
382
What happens to sedimentary rocks in the Rocky Mountains due to compression forces?
They bend and break, resulting in folding and faulting ## Footnote This is a key process in mountain formation.
383
What are the bends in rock beds called?
Folds
384
What are large cracks in rock beds referred to?
Faults
385
What typically occurs at faults?
Rocks on either side of a crack move
386
What is the primary combination responsible for mountain creation?
Folding and faulting
387
What are the two kinds of folds found in rocks?
* Anticline (upfold) * Syncline (downfold)
388
Fill in the blank: The two types of folds in rocks are an _______ and a syncline.
anticline
389
Fill in the blank: A syncline is also known as a _______ in the rock.
downfold
390
True or False: Most mountains are created exclusively by folding.
False
391
What conditions allow rocks to fold?
Heat and pressure within Earth's crust ## Footnote These conditions soften the rocks, enabling them to bend without breaking.
392
Where does rock folding primarily occur?
Where powerful forces are at work in the crust ## Footnote This is often related to tectonic plate interactions.
393
What theory explains the folding of rocks due to colliding plates?
Theory of Plate Tectonics ## Footnote This theory describes how the movement of tectonic plates contributes to geological features.
394
What happens to rocks as tectonic plates push against each other?
The rock wrinkles into folds and is forced upward ## Footnote This process is a key aspect of mountain formation.
395
What two plates are colliding to form the Himalayas?
Answer not provided in the text ## Footnote The answer typically involves the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
396
If the Himalayas keep rising at 1 cm per year, how much taller will they be in 1,000,000 years?
10,000 meters ## Footnote This calculation is based on the rate of 1 cm per year multiplied by 1,000,000 years.
397
True or False: Rocks can fold without being softened by heat and pressure.
False ## Footnote Rocks require heat and pressure to bend without breaking.
398
Fill in the blank: Rocks can only fold after they have been softened by _______.
heat and pressure ## Footnote These are essential conditions for folding to occur.
399
What conditions allow rocks to fold?
Heat and pressure within Earth's crust ## Footnote These conditions soften the rocks, enabling them to bend without breaking.
400
Where does rock folding primarily occur?
Where powerful forces are at work in the crust ## Footnote This is often related to tectonic plate interactions.
401
What theory explains the folding of rocks due to colliding plates?
Theory of Plate Tectonics ## Footnote This theory describes how the movement of tectonic plates contributes to geological features.
402
What happens to rocks as tectonic plates push against each other?
The rock wrinkles into folds and is forced upward ## Footnote This process is a key aspect of mountain formation.
403
What two plates are colliding to form the Himalayas?
Answer not provided in the text ## Footnote The answer typically involves the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
404
If the Himalayas keep rising at 1 cm per year, how much taller will they be in 1,000,000 years?
10,000 meters ## Footnote This calculation is based on the rate of 1 cm per year multiplied by 1,000,000 years.
405
True or False: Rocks can fold without being softened by heat and pressure.
False ## Footnote Rocks require heat and pressure to bend without breaking.
406
Fill in the blank: Rocks can only fold after they have been softened by _______.
heat and pressure ## Footnote These are essential conditions for folding to occur.
407
What are fossils?
Traces of once-living things that are preserved in rocks
408
How do fossils form?
When animals or plants die and sink to the bottom of a body of water, they are buried by layers of sediments
409
What is the relationship between fossils and sedimentary rock?
Fossils are the same age as the sedimentary rock in which they are found
410
What type of organisms are trilobites?
Marine arthropods that lived on the bottoms of oceans 300-600 million years ago
411
True or False: Trilobites exist today.
False
412
If you found a rock with a trilobite, what could you say about that rock?
It is from the time when trilobites existed
413
What do paleontologists study?
They study ancient life forms by interpreting animal and plant fossils
414
What is a significant challenge faced by paleontologists?
Most fossils are not complete, consisting of only parts of skeletons or other traces
415
What inference can be made about life on Earth based on fossils?
Life on Earth has changed a great deal over the past millions of years
416
What do fossils found in younger rocks typically resemble?
Modern plants and animals
417
Fill in the blank: Many fossils found in older rocks are of animals and plants that are _______.
extinct
418
What does the study of fossils help scientists understand?
The changes in life forms and environments over geological time
419
What is a key characteristic of fossils that do not look like modern organisms?
They indicate that the species has become extinct
420
What are fossils?
Traces of once-living things that are preserved in rocks
421
How do fossils form?
When animals or plants die and sink to the bottom of a body of water, they are buried by layers of sediments
422
What is the relationship between fossils and sedimentary rock?
Fossils are the same age as the sedimentary rock in which they are found
423
What type of organisms are trilobites?
Marine arthropods that lived on the bottoms of oceans 300-600 million years ago
424
True or False: Trilobites exist today.
False
425
If you found a rock with a trilobite, what could you say about that rock?
It is from the time when trilobites existed
426
What do paleontologists study?
They study ancient life forms by interpreting animal and plant fossils
427
What is a significant challenge faced by paleontologists?
Most fossils are not complete, consisting of only parts of skeletons or other traces
428
What inference can be made about life on Earth based on fossils?
Life on Earth has changed a great deal over the past millions of years
429
What do fossils found in younger rocks typically resemble?
Modern plants and animals
430
Fill in the blank: Many fossils found in older rocks are of animals and plants that are _______.
extinct
431
What does the study of fossils help scientists understand?
The changes in life forms and environments over geological time
432
What is a key characteristic of fossils that do not look like modern organisms?
They indicate that the species has become extinct
433
What is necessary for an organism to become a fossil?
Sediments must quickly bury the original plant or animal remains ## Footnote Quick burial prevents scavengers and decomposers from breaking down the remains.
434
What happens during the fossilization process?
The original organic form can be replaced by mineral substances ## Footnote This process can occur over time as sediments accumulate.
435
What is a trace fossil?
A cavity or track left behind by an organism ## Footnote Examples include footprints.
436
True or False: All living things have the potential to become fossils.
False ## Footnote Not every living thing can become a fossil.
437
Fill in the blank: The process of turning into a fossil is a ______ experience.
rare ## Footnote Fossilization is not a common occurrence.
438
What is one way an organism can become fossilized?
A cavity is created as the original organic form decays ## Footnote This cavity can later be filled with sediments.
439
What protects the remains of an organism during the fossilization process?
Quick burial by sediments ## Footnote This prevents decomposition by scavengers.
440
What are two types of fossils mentioned?
Actual fossils and trace fossils ## Footnote Actual fossils are remains of the organism, while trace fossils are evidence of its activity.
441
What are the layers of sediment that have formed over millions of years called?
Strata ## Footnote Strata provide important information about past geological events.
442
What can geologists determine from studying the kind of rock and grain size in a layer of strata?
Information about the environment in which it formed ## Footnote Different rock types indicate different environmental conditions.
443
If a layer of rock is limestone, what does this indicate about its original location?
It was originally at the bottom of an ocean ## Footnote Limestone typically forms in marine environments.
444
What does a very thick layer of strata indicate?
The environment remained stable for a long period ## Footnote Stability allows for the deposition of more sediments.
445
What happens when there is a change in the environment regarding strata formation?
A new, different layer forms ## Footnote Changes can include events like a rise in sea level.
446
Fill in the blank: A rise in sea level would show up as a change in _______.
Sediments along the former shoreline ## Footnote Shoreline sediments are replaced by those from deeper water as sea levels rise.
447
True or False: The type of sediments that form in deeper water is the same as those that form along the shoreline.
False ## Footnote Different environments produce different types of sediments.
448
What are the layers of sediment that have formed over millions of years called?
Strata ## Footnote Strata provide important information about past geological events.
449
What can geologists determine from studying the kind of rock and grain size in a layer of strata?
Information about the environment in which it formed ## Footnote Different rock types indicate different environmental conditions.
450
If a layer of rock is limestone, what does this indicate about its original location?
It was originally at the bottom of an ocean ## Footnote Limestone typically forms in marine environments.
451
What does a very thick layer of strata indicate?
The environment remained stable for a long period ## Footnote Stability allows for the deposition of more sediments.
452
What happens when there is a change in the environment regarding strata formation?
A new, different layer forms ## Footnote Changes can include events like a rise in sea level.
453
Fill in the blank: A rise in sea level would show up as a change in _______.
Sediments along the former shoreline ## Footnote Shoreline sediments are replaced by those from deeper water as sea levels rise.
454
True or False: The type of sediments that form in deeper water is the same as those that form along the shoreline.
False ## Footnote Different environments produce different types of sediments.
455
What year was the dinosaur skull named Albertosaurus discovered?
1884 ## Footnote The discovery was made while studying coal deposits in the Badlands.
456
What sparked international interest in the Badlands area?
The discovery of a 70-million-year-old dinosaur skull, later named Albertosaurus ## Footnote This find highlighted the area's richness in dinosaur fossils.
457
What is the significance of the Alberta government in relation to the Badlands?
They financed a major museum and research facility ## Footnote This was in recognition of the area's importance for paleontological research.
458
What is the name of one of the largest museums of paleontology in the world?
The Tyrell Museum ## Footnote It is located in Alberta and is notable for its extensive dinosaur displays.
459
How many dinosaur remains does the Tyrell Museum display?
More than 200 ## Footnote This is the largest number of dinosaur remains under one roof anywhere.
460
Where were most of the dinosaurs on display at the Tyrell Museum found?
In Alberta ## Footnote The museum showcases the rich paleontological finds in the region.
461
What unique features does the Tyrell Museum offer to visitors?
Computer terminals for designing dinosaurs and simulation games ## Footnote Visitors can engage interactively beyond viewing exhibits.
462
What can visitors watch from a special viewing area at the Tyrell Museum?
Technicians preparing and preserving fossils ## Footnote This provides insight into the scientific process of fossil preparation.
463
What opportunity is available for visitors who want to work with paleontologists?
Sign up to spend a day or a week on a real dinosaur dig ## Footnote This hands-on experience allows for direct involvement in paleontological research.
464
What has science learned about the ancient past?
From rock and fossil records ## Footnote Rock and fossil records provide crucial information about Earth's history.
465
What are the time periods in Earth's history called?
Eras ## Footnote Eras are organized based on the sequence of rock strata.
466
How do geologists determine the sequence of rock strata?
By identifying fossils and matching them with sedimentary rock layers ## Footnote This method helps establish the relative ages of rock layers.
467
What is the estimated age of Earth?
About 4.6 billion years ## Footnote This estimation is based on various scientific methods including radiometric dating.
468
What do the four main divisions in the geologic time sequences represent?
Major changes in the global environment ## Footnote Each division is characterized by different life forms.
469
Fill in the blank: The time period 'Jurassic' is named after the _______.
[Jura, a mountain range in France]
470
True or False: The oldest rock layer is on the bottom while the youngest layer is on the top.
True
471
What is the basis for naming some geologic periods?
Areas where rocks from that period are well exposed ## Footnote This naming convention helps in identifying and categorizing geological history.
472
What characterizes each era in the geologic time scale?
Different life forms ## Footnote Each era is associated with distinct biological and environmental characteristics.
473
What has science learned about the ancient past?
From rock and fossil records ## Footnote Rock and fossil records provide crucial information about Earth's history.
474
What are the time periods in Earth's history called?
Eras ## Footnote Eras are organized based on the sequence of rock strata.
475
How do geologists determine the sequence of rock strata?
By identifying fossils and matching them with sedimentary rock layers ## Footnote This method helps establish the relative ages of rock layers.
476
What is the estimated age of Earth?
About 4.6 billion years ## Footnote This estimation is based on various scientific methods including radiometric dating.
477
What do the four main divisions in the geologic time sequences represent?
Major changes in the global environment ## Footnote Each division is characterized by different life forms.
478
Fill in the blank: The time period 'Jurassic' is named after the _______.
[Jura, a mountain range in France]
479
True or False: The oldest rock layer is on the bottom while the youngest layer is on the top.
True
480
What is the basis for naming some geologic periods?
Areas where rocks from that period are well exposed ## Footnote This naming convention helps in identifying and categorizing geological history.
481
What characterizes each era in the geologic time scale?
Different life forms ## Footnote Each era is associated with distinct biological and environmental characteristics.
482
What is the time frame of the Precambrian Era?
4600 to 600 million years ago ## Footnote This era marks the formation of Earth and the emergence of the first simple organisms.
483
What significant life forms appeared during the Precambrian Era?
First simple organisms (bacteria) and first soft-bodied animals (no vertebrae) ## Footnote This era is characterized by the earliest forms of life.
484
What is the time frame of the Paleozoic Era?
600 to 225 million years ago ## Footnote This era saw the development of various complex life forms.
485
What significant life forms emerged during the Paleozoic Era?
* First reptiles * First large land animals (amphibians and frogs) * First insects * First large land plants * First fish with jaws ## Footnote This era is known for the diversification of life, especially in marine environments.
486
What is the time frame of the Mesozoic Era?
225 to 65 million years ago ## Footnote This era is often referred to as the age of dinosaurs.
487
What significant life forms appeared during the Mesozoic Era?
* Dinosaurs (which later became extinct) * First flowering plants * First birds and mammals ## Footnote This era is marked by the dominance of dinosaurs and the evolution of early mammals and plants.
488
What is the time frame of the Cenozoic Era?
65 million years ago to present day ## Footnote This era is known for the rise of mammals and modern species.
489
What significant developments occurred during the Cenozoic Era?
* Appearance of most modern species * Many more species of mammals * First human-like species (about 2.3 million years ago) ## Footnote This era reflects significant evolutionary advancements in mammals and the emergence of humans.

1. Science 7 (5 decks)

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