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1. Science 7 > D Structures and Forces > Flashcards

D Structures and Forces Flashcards

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1
Q

structure

A
  • an object that provides support
  • can be made of one or more parts
  • could be large or small
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2
Q

structural strength

A
  • capacity to hold itself up as well as any weight added to it
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3
Q

structural stability

A
  • ability to maintain its position even when it is being acted on by a force
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4
Q

solid structure

A
  • formed from one solid piece or solid combination of pieces
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5
Q

frame structure

A
  • made up of a rigid arrangement of parts fastened together (you can see gaps between the parts such as in a wheel)
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6
Q

shell structure

A
  • solid outer surface and hollow inner area
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7
Q

What was the main function of the benches that was overlooked in the design task?

A

Their function was to provide comfortable, inviting seating.

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8
Q

What materials were used to build the benches?

A

Block-like concrete.

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9
Q

What was the primary concern raised by the parks commission after the benches were installed?

A

Few people ever use the benches because they are unappealing and uncomfortable.

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10
Q

True or False: The design focused too much on durability and security.

A

True.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The benches were designed to be _______ and secure.

A

[durable]

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12
Q

What profession is the person designing the benches?

A

Landscape designer.

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13
Q

What was the consequence of not considering the benches’ main function?

A

The benches were rarely used.

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14
Q

What is an important consideration in the design of public seating?

A

Comfort and appeal.

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15
Q

What did the landscape designer prioritize in their bench design?

A

Durability and security.

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16
Q

What is the primary function of an airplane?

A

Movement and shelter

An airplane serves to transport people and goods while providing a space for them during travel.

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17
Q

What is the primary function of a train?

A

Movement and shelter

A train can transport both people and cargo, offering protection during transit.

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18
Q

Why is it important for a designer to know all functions of a planned structure?

A

To design a structure that will be used effectively

Understanding the functions helps in creating a structure that meets user needs.

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19
Q

What human need does an inukshuk meet?

A

Expresses joy and much happiness

Inukshuit are symbols of Inuit culture and convey positive feelings.

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20
Q

What additional role do many types of inukshuit serve?

A

Provide valuable information for travellers

Inukshuit can act as navigational aids in the Canadian North.

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21
Q

What are the necessary characteristics for inukshuit to fulfill their role?

A

Clearly visible, stable, and strong

These attributes ensure that inukshuit can effectively guide and inform travellers.

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22
Q

What is the primary function of an airplane?

A

Movement and shelter

An airplane serves to transport people and goods while providing a space for them during travel.

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23
Q

What is the primary function of a train?

A

Movement and shelter

A train can transport both people and cargo, offering protection during transit.

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24
Q

Why is it important for a designer to know all functions of a planned structure?

A

To design a structure that will be used effectively

Understanding the functions helps in creating a structure that meets user needs.

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25
What human need does an inukshuk meet?
Expresses joy and much happiness ## Footnote Inukshuit are symbols of Inuit culture and convey positive feelings.
26
What additional role do many types of inukshuit serve?
Provide valuable information for travellers ## Footnote Inukshuit can act as navigational aids in the Canadian North.
27
What are the necessary characteristics for inukshuit to fulfill their role?
Clearly visible, stable, and strong ## Footnote These attributes ensure that inukshuit can effectively guide and inform travellers.
28
What common aspect do all successful technological solutions share?
They pay close attention to function. ## Footnote Functionality is crucial in solving technological problems.
29
Who is the Canadian inventor mentioned in the text?
Norman Breakey. ## Footnote Norman Breakey invented the hand-held paint roller.
30
What problem did Norman Breakey aim to solve in 1940?
How to paint a large wall quickly and inexpensively. ## Footnote Traditional methods like paint brushes were slow and wasteful.
31
What was one of the main considerations for Breakey's design of the paint roller?
It had to be light enough for people to handle. ## Footnote Ease of use in various spaces was also important.
32
What is the primary function of the hand-held paint roller invented by Breakey?
To allow paint to be rolled on quickly and smoothly. ## Footnote This innovation improved efficiency in painting.
33
Fill in the blank: The hand-held paint roller is used by _______ and do-it-yourself painters all over the world.
[professional painters]
34
True or False: The hand-held paint roller was designed to be expensive and complex.
False. ## Footnote It was designed to be inexpensive and easy to use.
35
What modification process did Breakey go through before finalizing his invention?
He made many modifications to his prototype. ## Footnote Iteration is key in the design process.
36
List two key characteristics that Breakey's paint roller design needed to have.
* Easy to use in large or small spaces * Inexpensive to make
37
What are structures classified according to?
Structures can be interpreted and classified according to the materials and components they are made of ## Footnote This classification helps in understanding both natural and human-built structures.
38
How can one analyze the characteristics of structures?
By matching natural structures with similar human-built structures and comparing their similarities and differences ## Footnote Characteristics can include shape, function, materials, and mechanisms.
39
Fill in the blank: A bat's wing and an airplane wing are similar in _______.
shape ## Footnote This similarity allows both structures to fulfill the function of flight.
40
True or False: The materials used in a bat's wing and an airplane wing are the same.
False ## Footnote They differ significantly in materials, with bat wings made of biological tissues and airplane wings made of metal and composite materials.
41
What function do both bat's wings and airplane wings serve?
Both provide a means to fly ## Footnote This functional similarity is a key point in comparing natural and human-engineered structures.
42
What is one major difference between a bat's wing and an airplane wing?
The materials they are made of ## Footnote Bat wings are composed of organic materials, while airplane wings are typically constructed from metals and composites.
43
What does aesthetics refer to?
The pleasing appearance or effect that an object has because of its design.
44
Do all structures need to be aesthetically pleasing?
No, not all structures need to be aesthetically pleasing.
45
What is an example of a structure that does not need to be beautiful in design?
The framework supporting a train trestle.
46
What are the essential qualities that a train trestle framework must have?
Strong and stable.
47
What should a park band shell be like in terms of aesthetics?
Pleasing to look at and use.
48
Fill in the blank: Aesthetics refers to the _______ appearance or effect that an object has because of its design.
[pleasing]
49
What does aesthetics refer to?
The pleasing appearance or effect that an object has because of its design.
50
Do all structures need to be aesthetically pleasing?
No, not all structures need to be aesthetically pleasing.
51
What is an example of a structure that does not need to be beautiful in design?
The framework supporting a train trestle.
52
What are the essential qualities that a train trestle framework must have?
Strong and stable.
53
What should a park band shell be like in terms of aesthetics?
Pleasing to look at and use.
54
Fill in the blank: Aesthetics refers to the _______ appearance or effect that an object has because of its design.
[pleasing]
55
What are structures that provide protection and are portable?
Teepees, yurts, and tents ## Footnote Examples include North American teepees, Siberian yurts, and tents from the Middle East.
56
What material was commonly used for houses built by early peoples in Europe?
Sod ## Footnote Sod is made from clumps of earth and was also used by pioneers in the Prairies.
57
Why were sod houses popular among early peoples?
Easy to obtain and cost nothing ## Footnote Sod provided a relatively protected enclosure that could be heated by fire.
58
Fill in the blank: Many people around the world built homes that provided protection and were _______.
portable
59
True or False: The structures built by different cultures are all the same.
False ## Footnote Structures vary widely among different cultures and times.
60
What traditional materials are used for constructing houses in hot climates?
Sun-baked brick (adobe), clay, or mud ## Footnote These materials help keep interiors cool under intense sun.
61
What is the purpose of the shell form in hot climate houses?
To create interiors that can be kept cool ## Footnote The shell form typically has few windows or door openings.
62
What types of materials have been used for dwellings in warm, wet countries?
Grasses and bamboo ## Footnote These materials have been used for hundreds of years.
63
Why are some homes in wet countries constructed high on stilts?
To raise the dwelling above wet ground ## Footnote This helps protect the homes from flooding.
64
What two essential characteristics do effective structures share?
* They are all basically stable * They all provide shelter for the people who live in them ## Footnote These characteristics are crucial for the functionality of any dwelling.
65
True or False: Houses in hot climates are often built with many windows to allow for ventilation.
False ## Footnote These houses typically have few windows or door openings.
66
Fill in the blank: Dwellings made of grasses and bamboo have been built for _______ in many warm, wet countries.
[hundreds of years]
67
What is a force?
A push or pull that tends to cause an object to change its movement or shape.
68
Does the size of a force have an effect on your ability to resist it? True or False?
True.
69
What should you do to avoid injury when testing the size of a force?
Do not overload your hands and allow time for your arms to recover.
70
What is being tested in Figure 2.2?
The effect of the direction of a force on your ability to resist it.
71
What should you do before testing the direction of a force?
Record your prediction.
72
What type of pressure should be applied during the experiment?
Gentle but firm pressure.
73
Fill in the blank: A force is a _____ that tends to cause an object to change its movement or shape.
[push or pull]
74
What is a force?
A push or pull that tends to cause an object to change its movement or shape.
75
Does the size of a force have an effect on your ability to resist it? True or False?
True.
76
What should you do to avoid injury when testing the size of a force?
Do not overload your hands and allow time for your arms to recover.
77
What is being tested in Figure 2.2?
The effect of the direction of a force on your ability to resist it.
78
What should you do before testing the direction of a force?
Record your prediction.
79
What type of pressure should be applied during the experiment?
Gentle but firm pressure.
80
Fill in the blank: A force is a _____ that tends to cause an object to change its movement or shape.
[push or pull]
81
What are the three factors that determine the effect of a force on a structure?
The magnitude of the force, the direction of the force, the location where the force is applied ## Footnote These factors are critical in engineering and physics to predict how structures will respond to applied forces.
82
Define the term 'magnitude' in the context of forces.
The size of the force ## Footnote Magnitude is a quantitative measure that affects how much a force will impact a structure.
83
True or False: The direction of a force does not affect its impact on a structure.
False ## Footnote The direction of a force is one of the key factors that determine its effect on a structure.
84
Fill in the blank: The __________ where the force is applied is one of the three factors that influence the effect of that force on a structure.
location ## Footnote The location of force application can significantly affect structural integrity and performance.
85
What are the three factors that determine the effect of a force on a structure?
The magnitude of the force, the direction of the force, and the location where the force is applied.
86
Fill in the blank: The actual effect of a force on a structure depends on its _______.
[magnitude, direction, and location]
87
True or False: The bigger a force's magnitude, the weaker its effect on a structure.
False
88
What does the magnitude of a force refer to?
The size of the force.
89
What is meant by the direction of a force?
The orientation in which the force is applied.
90
What does the location refer to in the context of force application?
The specific point on the structure where the force is applied.
91
How does the magnitude of a force affect its strength?
The bigger the force's magnitude, the stronger it is.
92
How are forces represented in drawings?
Forces are represented by arrows.
93
What does the direction of an arrow indicate in force representation?
The direction in which the force is acting.
94
What does the length or size of an arrow represent?
How strong the force is.
95
What happens to the effect of a force as its magnitude increases?
The stronger the force, the more effect it will have on a structure.
96
What factor influences the effect of a strong force on a structure?
The mass of the structure.
97
True or False: The effect of a force is solely determined by its magnitude.
False.
98
What determines the effect of a force on a structure aside from its magnitude?
The direction in which the force acts.
99
Fill in the blank: The bigger a force's ______, the stronger it is.
magnitude.
100
What can be inferred when two forces have the same magnitude but different directions?
They may have different effects on the structure.
101
What is a key visual representation tool for understanding forces acting on structures?
Arrows in drawings.
102
What effect does the location of force application have on an object?
It affects the outcome, potentially causing the object to topple if applied too high.
103
True or False: Applying a force at a point high up on an object may cause it to slide without toppling.
False
104
Fill in the blank: The outcome of applying a force depends on the _______ at which it is applied.
[location]
105
What may happen when a force is applied too high up on an object?
It may cause the object to topple over.
106
In the context of pushing a fridge, which direction is more difficult?
Pushing it in one direction (A) compared to the other direction (B).
107
What effect does the location of force application have on an object?
It affects the outcome, potentially causing the object to topple if applied too high.
108
True or False: Applying a force at a point high up on an object may cause it to slide without toppling.
False
109
Fill in the blank: The outcome of applying a force depends on the _______ at which it is applied.
[location]
110
What may happen when a force is applied too high up on an object?
It may cause the object to topple over.
111
In the context of pushing a fridge, which direction is more difficult?
Pushing it in one direction (A) compared to the other direction (B).
112
What is the standard unit for measuring force?
The newton (N) ## Footnote The newton is named after Sir Isaac Newton.
113
How much force is needed to hold up a mass of 100 g?
One newton ## Footnote This is similar to the force required to hold an apple in your hand.
114
How much force is approximately needed to hold a 1-kg book?
About 10 N ## Footnote This is a practical example of force measurement.
115
Who is the newton named after?
Sir Isaac Newton ## Footnote He was an English scientist.
116
In what year did Sir Isaac Newton describe the 'law of gravitation'?
1687 ## Footnote This was a significant contribution to physics.
117
Fill in the blank: One newton is the amount of force needed to hold up a mass of _______.
100 g
118
What role do mass and distance play in Newton's law of gravitation?
They are key factors in the law ## Footnote The law describes how gravitational force depends on the masses involved and the distance between them.
119
What is an external force?
A force that is applied on a structure by something else.
120
Give an example of an external force.
Walking into wind or standing in waves.
121
What must all structures on Earth be able to resist?
The force of gravity.
122
How does gravity act on objects on Earth?
It constantly pulls them towards the Earth.
123
What is mass?
The amount of matter in an object.
124
What is the relationship between mass and gravitational force?
The more mass an object has, the greater the gravitational force.
125
What do astronauts experience when the space shuttle orbits Earth?
Weightlessness.
126
Fill in the blank: Gravity is the pull of _______.
Earth.
127
True or False: Gravity is considered an external force.
True.
128
What is the point where we can think of the downward force of gravity acting on a structure?
Centre of gravity ## Footnote The centre of gravity is an imaginary point that helps in analyzing the stability of structures.
129
What happens to your body when you stand on one foot due to gravity?
You might have to move your arms or lean to one side ## Footnote This illustrates the effect of gravity on balance and stability.
130
How does the location of the centre of gravity affect a structure?
It determines the structure's stability ## Footnote A structure supported at its centre of gravity will remain balanced.
131
True or False: Gravity acts on all parts of a structure equally.
True ## Footnote Gravity influences every part, but the centre of gravity is a singular point for analysis.
132
Fill in the blank: The _______ is where gravity acts on a structure.
centre of gravity ## Footnote This concept is crucial for understanding stability in physical structures.
133
What is the point where we can think of the downward force of gravity acting on a structure?
Centre of gravity ## Footnote The centre of gravity is an imaginary point that helps in analyzing the stability of structures.
134
What happens to your body when you stand on one foot due to gravity?
You might have to move your arms or lean to one side ## Footnote This illustrates the effect of gravity on balance and stability.
135
How does the location of the centre of gravity affect a structure?
It determines the structure's stability ## Footnote A structure supported at its centre of gravity will remain balanced.
136
True or False: Gravity acts on all parts of a structure equally.
True ## Footnote Gravity influences every part, but the centre of gravity is a singular point for analysis.
137
Fill in the blank: The _______ is where gravity acts on a structure.
centre of gravity ## Footnote This concept is crucial for understanding stability in physical structures.
138
What is the main method of increasing a structure's stability?
Increase the width of its base relative to its height ## Footnote This can be achieved by placing most of the mass of the structure close to the ground.
139
What effect does lowering the centre of gravity have on a structure?
It increases stability
140
True or False: A structure with a low centre of gravity and wide base is typically stable.
True
141
Fill in the blank: The point on a ruler where it will balance is known as the _______.
centre of gravity
142
Which is generally more stable, a structure with a narrow base or a wide base?
Wide base
143
What is one way to increase stability in a structure?
Place most of the mass close to the ground
144
What is symmetry in the context of a balanced ruler?
A balanced arrangement of mass that occurs on opposite sides of a line or plane, or around a centre or axis. ## Footnote Symmetry ensures equal force of gravity on both sides of the centre point.
145
What happens to the ruler if the finger is moved away from the centre?
The mass on one side becomes greater, leading to an unbalanced ruler. ## Footnote This results in greater gravitational force on the side with more mass.
146
For a symmetrical structure to be stable, what must be true about its mass distribution?
The mass must be distributed equally around the centre of the structure's base. ## Footnote This ensures equal force of gravity around the centre.
147
True or False: A symmetrical arrangement guarantees stability.
True. ## Footnote Stability is achieved when mass is evenly distributed.
148
Fill in the blank: The force of gravity on either side of the centre point is _______.
the same.
149
What is the definition of a load in structural engineering?
A load is an external force on a structure.
150
What must a bookcase be designed to support?
Its own weight and the weight of the books it holds.
151
What factors contribute to the load on a bridge?
The force of gravity on a car, the force of wind, and the weight of the materials that make up the bridge.
152
What are the two types of loads that can affect structures?
Static and dynamic loads.
153
What is a static load?
The weight of a structure and the non-moving load it supports.
154
True or False: A static load changes frequently over time.
False
155
Fill in the blank: The weight of the books in a bookcase is a ______ on the bookcase.
load
156
What does the term 'static' refer to in the context of loads?
Not moving or changing.
157
What is an example of a dynamic load?
The push of a force, such as the wind blowing on a tower.
158
How does gravity affect the load on structures?
It pulls down on the structure and its contents.
159
What happens if a bookcase is overloaded?
It may fail to support the weight of the books.
160
What is the force of gravity acting on the mass of the bookcase considered?
A load.
161
What is the definition of a load in structural engineering?
A load is an external force on a structure.
162
What must a bookcase be designed to support?
Its own weight and the weight of the books it holds.
163
What factors contribute to the load on a bridge?
The force of gravity on a car, the force of wind, and the weight of the materials that make up the bridge.
164
What are the two types of loads that can affect structures?
Static and dynamic loads.
165
What is a static load?
The weight of a structure and the non-moving load it supports.
166
True or False: A static load changes frequently over time.
False
167
Fill in the blank: The weight of the books in a bookcase is a ______ on the bookcase.
load
168
What does the term 'static' refer to in the context of loads?
Not moving or changing.
169
What is an example of a dynamic load?
The push of a force, such as the wind blowing on a tower.
170
How does gravity affect the load on structures?
It pulls down on the structure and its contents.
171
What happens if a bookcase is overloaded?
It may fail to support the weight of the books.
172
What is the force of gravity acting on the mass of the bookcase considered?
A load.
173
What are the two types of loads that can affect structures?
Static and dynamic loads
174
What is a static load?
The weight of a structure and the non-moving load it supports
175
What does static mean?
Not moving or changing
176
Give two examples of static loads.
* Wood, nails, and screws used to make a bookcase * Steel beams, cables, rivets, and steel plates used to construct a bridge
177
What is a dynamic load?
Forces that change over time, such as wind or moving vehicles
178
True or False: The weight of a bridge is considered a dynamic load.
False
179
Fill in the blank: The _______ of wind is an example of a dynamic load.
[force]
180
What type of load is the weight of a truck classified as?
Dynamic load
181
What is an external force that acts on all parts of a structure?
Gravity ## Footnote Gravity is the force that creates a static load, also known as dead load.
182
What is another term for static load?
Dead load ## Footnote Static load refers to the constant weight acting on a structure.
183
What is a dynamic load?
An external force that moves or changes with time ## Footnote Dynamic loads can change rapidly, such as in the case of strong winds or earthquakes.
184
Give an example of a dynamic load.
The weight of moving students on a staircase ## Footnote This illustrates how dynamic loads can fluctuate based on movement.
185
What is another term for dynamic load?
Live load ## Footnote Live load refers to loads that vary over time, unlike static loads.
186
What must designers plan for in structures?
Resistance to both dynamic loads and static loads ## Footnote Effective structural design requires consideration of both types of loads.
187
What are the two conditions engineers use to decide the type of bridge to build?
1. What the bridge is crossing (e.g., water or land) 2. What kinds of loads the bridge will be supporting ## Footnote These conditions help engineers determine the most suitable bridge design for specific situations.
188
What is the most common type of bridge used?
Beam bridge ## Footnote The beam bridge is characterized by its simple structure and flat design.
189
Describe a simple beam bridge.
A simple beam bridge is flat and is supported at its two ends. ## Footnote Longer beam bridges may require additional supports, known as piers.
190
True or False: A longer beam bridge is always supported at its two ends.
False ## Footnote Longer beam bridges may also be supported by additional piers.
191
Fill in the blank: A beam bridge is supported at its _______.
two ends ## Footnote This is a defining characteristic of a simple beam bridge.
192
What are the two conditions engineers use to decide the type of bridge to build?
1. What the bridge is crossing (e.g., water or land) 2. What kinds of loads the bridge will be supporting ## Footnote These conditions help engineers determine the most suitable bridge design for specific situations.
193
What is the most common type of bridge used?
Beam bridge ## Footnote The beam bridge is characterized by its simple structure and flat design.
194
Describe a simple beam bridge.
A simple beam bridge is flat and is supported at its two ends. ## Footnote Longer beam bridges may require additional supports, known as piers.
195
True or False: A longer beam bridge is always supported at its two ends.
False ## Footnote Longer beam bridges may also be supported by additional piers.
196
Fill in the blank: A beam bridge is supported at its _______.
two ends ## Footnote This is a defining characteristic of a simple beam bridge.
197
What is a truss bridge?
A lightweight but strong bridge made of trusses along its sides. ## Footnote Trusses are triangle-shaped frames that provide structural support.
198
What shape are the frames in a truss bridge?
Triangle-shaped. ## Footnote Triangles are used because they are strong and stable shapes.
199
What is a simple suspension bridge?
A bridge that hangs between two ends and is supported by main cables anchored in concrete ## Footnote Simple suspension bridges can also use natural supports like trees.
200
What are the main components of a modern suspension bridge?
Tall towers, main cables, smaller cables, and concrete anchors ## Footnote The main cables hold up the bridge, while smaller cables support the roadway.
201
Which ancient civilizations first recognized the structural advantages of the arch?
The ancient Egyptians and Greeks ## Footnote These civilizations understood the benefits of arch structures for stability.
202
Who made the arch a regular building feature in architecture?
The Romans ## Footnote The Romans utilized arches extensively in their architectural designs.
203
Fill in the blank: The main cables of a suspension bridge are anchored in _______.
concrete
204
List the supporting elements of a suspension bridge.
* Tall towers * Main cables * Smaller cables * Concrete anchors
205
True or False: A simple suspension bridge can be supported by trees.
True
206
What role do smaller cables play in a suspension bridge?
They support the roadway ## Footnote Smaller cables are suspended from the main cables to hold up the bridge deck.
207
What is a simple suspension bridge?
A bridge that hangs between two ends and is supported by main cables anchored in concrete ## Footnote Simple suspension bridges can also use natural supports like trees.
208
What are the main components of a modern suspension bridge?
Tall towers, main cables, smaller cables, and concrete anchors ## Footnote The main cables hold up the bridge, while smaller cables support the roadway.
209
Which ancient civilizations first recognized the structural advantages of the arch?
The ancient Egyptians and Greeks ## Footnote These civilizations understood the benefits of arch structures for stability.
210
Who made the arch a regular building feature in architecture?
The Romans ## Footnote The Romans utilized arches extensively in their architectural designs.
211
Fill in the blank: The main cables of a suspension bridge are anchored in _______.
concrete
212
List the supporting elements of a suspension bridge.
* Tall towers * Main cables * Smaller cables * Concrete anchors
213
True or False: A simple suspension bridge can be supported by trees.
True
214
What role do smaller cables play in a suspension bridge?
They support the roadway ## Footnote Smaller cables are suspended from the main cables to hold up the bridge deck.
215
What is an arch bridge designed to withstand?
Heavy loads ## Footnote The design allows it to handle dynamic loads from people and traffic.
216
How does the load in an arch bridge affect its structure?
Each piece of wood or stone pushes against the adjacent piece ## Footnote This push is eventually transferred to the end supports.
217
What happens to the load transferred to the end supports of an arch bridge?
It is embedded in the ground, which pushes back ## Footnote This resistance is passed back through all the pieces creating the arch.
218
What is the primary function of an aqueduct?
To carry a large quantity of flowing water between places ## Footnote Aqueducts are a type of bridge specifically designed for water transport.
219
True or False: Many Roman aqueducts are still standing today.
True ## Footnote This highlights the durability and engineering of ancient Roman structures.
220
What is an arch bridge designed to withstand?
Heavy loads ## Footnote The design allows it to handle dynamic loads from people and traffic.
221
How does the load in an arch bridge affect its structure?
Each piece of wood or stone pushes against the adjacent piece ## Footnote This push is eventually transferred to the end supports.
222
What happens to the load transferred to the end supports of an arch bridge?
It is embedded in the ground, which pushes back ## Footnote This resistance is passed back through all the pieces creating the arch.
223
What is the primary function of an aqueduct?
To carry a large quantity of flowing water between places ## Footnote Aqueducts are a type of bridge specifically designed for water transport.
224
True or False: Many Roman aqueducts are still standing today.
True ## Footnote This highlights the durability and engineering of ancient Roman structures.
225
What are performance requirements in engineering?
Conditions that a structure must meet after it is built to show it is performing to certain standards ## Footnote Performance requirements ensure safety, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency.
226
How is load performance typically expressed?
As a maximum weight ## Footnote This indicates how much weight a structure can support safely.
227
What is an example of a performance requirement for a waterslide?
The structure must be able to support the weight of 200 people at one time, plus the weight of the water ## Footnote This ensures that the waterslide can handle expected usage safely.
228
What must a structure withstand according to performance requirements?
High winds and heavy snows in winter without becoming unstable ## Footnote This is crucial for structures in areas prone to extreme weather.
229
What other aspects do performance requirements apply to aside from load performance?
* Safety of the structure * Effectiveness in meeting its intended purpose ## Footnote Performance requirements encompass various functional and safety criteria.
230
What are performance requirements in engineering?
Conditions that a structure must meet after it is built to show it is performing to certain standards ## Footnote Performance requirements ensure safety, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency.
231
How is load performance typically expressed?
As a maximum weight ## Footnote This indicates how much weight a structure can support safely.
232
What is an example of a performance requirement for a waterslide?
The structure must be able to support the weight of 200 people at one time, plus the weight of the water ## Footnote This ensures that the waterslide can handle expected usage safely.
233
What must a structure withstand according to performance requirements?
High winds and heavy snows in winter without becoming unstable ## Footnote This is crucial for structures in areas prone to extreme weather.
234
What other aspects do performance requirements apply to aside from load performance?
* Safety of the structure * Effectiveness in meeting its intended purpose ## Footnote Performance requirements encompass various functional and safety criteria.
235
What happens when you crumple a piece of cellophane into a ball and put it on the table?
The cellophane slowly opens up again ## Footnote This demonstrates the properties of materials and internal forces at work.
236
Why does an elastic band snap when holding a collection of cards together?
The internal forces within the elastic band exceed its elastic limit ## Footnote This illustrates the concept of internal forces and material limits.
237
What is an internal force?
A force that one part of a structure exerts on other parts of the same structure ## Footnote Internal forces act within a structure.
238
Why does wringing a towel work better than squeezing it to remove excess water?
Wringing applies a different type of internal force that is more effective ## Footnote The mechanics of wringing involve twisting actions that enhance water removal.
239
Fill in the blank: Internal forces are forces that act ______ a structure.
within
240
True or False: Internal forces can be felt when pressing the palms of your hands together.
True ## Footnote This illustrates the concept of internal forces exerted by muscles.
241
What happens when you crumple a piece of cellophane into a ball and put it on the table?
The cellophane slowly opens up again ## Footnote This demonstrates the properties of materials and internal forces at work.
242
Why does an elastic band snap when holding a collection of cards together?
The internal forces within the elastic band exceed its elastic limit ## Footnote This illustrates the concept of internal forces and material limits.
243
What is an internal force?
A force that one part of a structure exerts on other parts of the same structure ## Footnote Internal forces act within a structure.
244
Why does wringing a towel work better than squeezing it to remove excess water?
Wringing applies a different type of internal force that is more effective ## Footnote The mechanics of wringing involve twisting actions that enhance water removal.
245
Fill in the blank: Internal forces are forces that act ______ a structure.
within
246
True or False: Internal forces can be felt when pressing the palms of your hands together.
True ## Footnote This illustrates the concept of internal forces exerted by muscles.
247
What is tension?
A force that acts to stretch and pull apart something ## Footnote Tension can cause lengthening and possibly snapping of a component.
248
Name three structures that have components that must resist tension.
* Ski lifts * Hydro towers * Running shoes ## Footnote These structures have parts designed to withstand the forces of tension.
249
How can tension be used advantageously?
Through cables used to hold up a suspension bridge ## Footnote Cables are designed to withstand tension and provide structural support.
250
What is shear?
A force that acts to push parts that are in contact with each other in opposite directions ## Footnote Shear can lead to deformation or failure of materials.
251
Identify three structures that must resist shear.
* Doors * Airplanes * Scissors ## Footnote These structures experience shear forces during their operation.
252
What are complementary forces?
Different kinds of internal forces acting on a structure at the same time
253
Give an example of complementary forces.
Bending of a beam
254
What happens to a beam when it is bent into a U-shape?
Compression is produced on the top and tension on the bottom
255
What occurs if the load on a beam is too great?
The beam will break
256
What is the result of a beam's failure to resist either compression or tension?
The beam breaks
257
How can engineers determine how to improve a beam's structure?
By examining where a break happens on the beam
258
If a beam breaks first along the upper surface, what design change should be made?
Design the upper surface to be strong enough to resist compression
259
If a beam breaks first along the lower surface, what design change would you recommend?
Design the lower surface to be strong enough to resist tension
260
Fill in the blank: When a beam is bent, the top experiences _______ and the bottom experiences tension.
compression
261
True or False: A beam can withstand any load without breaking.
False
262
What is the strongest two-dimensional shape?
Triangle ## Footnote A triangle is noted for its rigidity and strength compared to squares and rectangles.
263
What is the strongest three-dimensional shape?
Triangular prism ## Footnote A triangular prism is stronger than rectangular prisms and other multi-sided shapes.
264
What happens to the shape of a square and rectangle under pressure?
They shift slightly ## Footnote Unlike triangles, squares and rectangles can change shape under stress.
265
Why is a triangle considered a strong shape?
It cannot be bent easily ## Footnote The rigidity of the triangle contributes to its strength.
266
Fill in the blank: A _______ is a very strong and rigid shape that cannot be bent easily.
triangle
267
What exercise can be used to demonstrate the strength of different shapes?
Using straws ## Footnote The exercise involves comparing how different shapes respond to pressure.
268
True or False: A triangular prism is weaker than a rectangular prism.
False ## Footnote A triangular prism is stronger than a rectangular prism.
269
In structural shapes, which is stronger: a triangular prism or a pentagonal prism?
Triangular prism ## Footnote Triangular prisms are generally stronger than other multi-sided shapes.
270
What is the strongest two-dimensional shape?
Triangle ## Footnote A triangle is noted for its rigidity and strength compared to squares and rectangles.
271
What is the strongest three-dimensional shape?
Triangular prism ## Footnote A triangular prism is stronger than rectangular prisms and other multi-sided shapes.
272
What happens to the shape of a square and rectangle under pressure?
They shift slightly ## Footnote Unlike triangles, squares and rectangles can change shape under stress.
273
Why is a triangle considered a strong shape?
It cannot be bent easily ## Footnote The rigidity of the triangle contributes to its strength.
274
Fill in the blank: A _______ is a very strong and rigid shape that cannot be bent easily.
triangle
275
What exercise can be used to demonstrate the strength of different shapes?
Using straws ## Footnote The exercise involves comparing how different shapes respond to pressure.
276
True or False: A triangular prism is weaker than a rectangular prism.
False ## Footnote A triangular prism is stronger than a rectangular prism.
277
In structural shapes, which is stronger: a triangular prism or a pentagonal prism?
Triangular prism ## Footnote Triangular prisms are generally stronger than other multi-sided shapes.
278
What is an arch in the context of structures?
A common shape in structures such as bridges that can support a large load by carrying the force down through the arch to the foundation. ## Footnote Arches are designed to spread out the load effectively.
279
How does an arch support a load?
The force of the load is carried down through the arch to the foundation, spreading out the load. ## Footnote This mechanism allows arches to bear significant weight.
280
What happens if a plank is weak when crossing a river?
It may bend, and there is a chance of getting wet if one bounces up and down on it. ## Footnote This illustrates the importance of structural integrity.
281
True or False: An arch can only support small loads.
False ## Footnote Arches are capable of supporting large loads.
282
Fill in the blank: An arch helps to _______ the load.
[spread out] ## Footnote This is crucial for maintaining structural stability.
283
What is a simple beam?
A flat structure supported at each end.
284
What happens to a beam if too much weight is put on it in the middle?
It will bend in a U-shape and may even break.
285
How can the strength of a beam be increased?
By changing its shape.
286
What shape gives an I-beam its strength?
The I-shape.
287
What is the mass comparison between I-beams and solid beams?
I-beams have less mass than solid beams.
288
What are girders or box beams?
Long beams in the shape of hollow rectangular prisms.
289
Fill in the blank: A simple beam is supported at _______.
[each end]
290
True or False: Changing the shape of a beam can reduce its strength.
False
291
What is a simple beam?
A flat structure supported at each end.
292
What happens to a beam if too much weight is put on it in the middle?
It will bend in a U-shape and may even break.
293
How can the strength of a beam be increased?
By changing its shape.
294
What shape gives an I-beam its strength?
The I-shape.
295
What is the mass comparison between I-beams and solid beams?
I-beams have less mass than solid beams.
296
What are girders or box beams?
Long beams in the shape of hollow rectangular prisms.
297
Fill in the blank: A simple beam is supported at _______.
[each end]
298
True or False: Changing the shape of a beam can reduce its strength.
False
299
What is structural stress?
The weakening of a structure due to a combination of external and internal forces acting on it. ## Footnote Structural stress can lead to fatigue or failure if not properly managed.
300
What is structural fatigue?
A permanent change in a structure caused by internal forces such as compression, tension, and shear. ## Footnote This may result in cracks appearing in the material.
301
What is structural failure?
Occurs when a structure can no longer withstand the forces acting on it, leading to collapse or deformation. ## Footnote Failure can manifest as buckling, shearing, or separating of components.
302
What are the two main properties a structure needs to avoid failure?
Strength and stiffness. ## Footnote These properties help a structure resist stress and maintain integrity.
303
Define the strength of a structure.
The load at which it fails. ## Footnote For example, if a skateboard collapses under 100 kg, its strength is 100 kg.
304
Define the stiffness of a structure.
Its ability to withstand changes in shape under a load. ## Footnote A stiff structure prevents failure for loads up to its defined strength.
305
Fill in the blank: A structure needs _______ and stiffness to avoid failure.
strength
306
True or False: Structural failure can occur without any prior structural stress.
False. ## Footnote Structural failure typically results from accumulated stress and fatigue.
307
What is structural stress?
The weakening of a structure due to a combination of external and internal forces acting on it. ## Footnote Structural stress can lead to fatigue or failure if not properly managed.
308
What is structural fatigue?
A permanent change in a structure caused by internal forces such as compression, tension, and shear. ## Footnote This may result in cracks appearing in the material.
309
What is structural failure?
Occurs when a structure can no longer withstand the forces acting on it, leading to collapse or deformation. ## Footnote Failure can manifest as buckling, shearing, or separating of components.
310
What are the two main properties a structure needs to avoid failure?
Strength and stiffness. ## Footnote These properties help a structure resist stress and maintain integrity.
311
Define the strength of a structure.
The load at which it fails. ## Footnote For example, if a skateboard collapses under 100 kg, its strength is 100 kg.
312
Define the stiffness of a structure.
Its ability to withstand changes in shape under a load. ## Footnote A stiff structure prevents failure for loads up to its defined strength.
313
Fill in the blank: A structure needs _______ and stiffness to avoid failure.
strength
314
True or False: Structural failure can occur without any prior structural stress.
False. ## Footnote Structural failure typically results from accumulated stress and fatigue.
315
What property of a material refers to how easily it breaks?
Brittleness ## Footnote Brittleness is a measure of a material's tendency to fracture or break when subjected to stress.
316
What is the term for how easily a material can be made into wire?
Ductility ## Footnote Ductility is an important property in materials used in electrical and structural applications.
317
What property measures a material's resistance to indentation and scratching?
Hardness ## Footnote Hardness is a critical factor in determining the wear resistance of materials.
318
How easy is it to shape a material referred to as?
Plasticity ## Footnote Plasticity indicates a material's ability to undergo significant deformation before rupture.
319
What property refers to a material's ability to withstand high temperatures?
Resistance to heat ## Footnote This property is crucial for materials used in high-temperature environments.
320
What property indicates how well a material can repel water?
Resistance to water ## Footnote Water resistance is important for materials used in construction and outdoor applications.
321
What is the term for a material's ability to withstand axial loads without collapsing?
Compression ## Footnote Compression strength is vital for materials used in load-bearing applications.
322
What property measures a material's ability to withstand being pulled apart?
Tensile strength ## Footnote Tensile strength is essential for materials used in structural and mechanical engineering.
323
What is deformation in the context of structures?
Deformation is a change of shape in a structure or any structural component due to the material's inability to resist the load acting on it. ## Footnote Deformation can lead to failure of a component or the entire structure if excessive.
324
What property must materials have when designing a structure?
Materials must have enough strength to resist the forces acting on the structure and should not deform easily. ## Footnote Strength is a critical factor in ensuring structural integrity.
325
True or False: Deformation can occur without any load acting on a structure.
False ## Footnote Deformation occurs specifically because of the load acting on the material.
326
Fill in the blank: When too much deformation occurs, a component or the entire _______ might fail.
structure ## Footnote This emphasizes the importance of controlling deformation in structural design.
327
What happens to the sides of an aluminum cantilever when a very small force is applied?
The sides start to return to their original shape once the force is removed. ## Footnote This illustrates the elastic properties of materials.
328
What is deformation in the context of structures?
Deformation is a change of shape in a structure or any structural component due to the material's inability to resist the load acting on it. ## Footnote Deformation can lead to failure of a component or the entire structure if excessive.
329
What property must materials have when designing a structure?
Materials must have enough strength to resist the forces acting on the structure and should not deform easily. ## Footnote Strength is a critical factor in ensuring structural integrity.
330
True or False: Deformation can occur without any load acting on a structure.
False ## Footnote Deformation occurs specifically because of the load acting on the material.
331
Fill in the blank: When too much deformation occurs, a component or the entire _______ might fail.
structure ## Footnote This emphasizes the importance of controlling deformation in structural design.
332
What happens to the sides of an aluminum cantilever when a very small force is applied?
The sides start to return to their original shape once the force is removed. ## Footnote This illustrates the elastic properties of materials.
333
What is flexibility in materials?
Flexibility is the ability of a material to be bent under force without breaking ## Footnote It indicates how much an object can change shape under a given load without breaking.
334
Why is flexibility important in tall buildings?
Tall buildings must resist the force of the wind, and being very strong and rigid is not necessarily the best design approach ## Footnote Flexibility allows structures to withstand strong forces without sustaining damage.
335
How does a tall tree demonstrate flexibility?
A tall tree bends a little as the wind pushes against it and straightens up again when the wind stops ## Footnote This ability to return to its original shape illustrates the concept of flexibility.
336
What have structural engineers learned from nature regarding flexibility?
Structural engineers have found ways to use materials and combine structural components to make buildings in high hazard wind or earthquake zones more flexible ## Footnote This approach mimics the flexibility observed in trees.
337
Fill in the blank: Flexibility allows trees to resist being deformed under strong forces like _______.
wind
338
What is flexibility in materials?
Flexibility is the ability of a material to be bent under force without breaking ## Footnote It indicates how much an object can change shape under a given load without breaking.
339
Why is flexibility important in tall buildings?
Tall buildings must resist the force of the wind, and being very strong and rigid is not necessarily the best design approach ## Footnote Flexibility allows structures to withstand strong forces without sustaining damage.
340
How does a tall tree demonstrate flexibility?
A tall tree bends a little as the wind pushes against it and straightens up again when the wind stops ## Footnote This ability to return to its original shape illustrates the concept of flexibility.
341
What have structural engineers learned from nature regarding flexibility?
Structural engineers have found ways to use materials and combine structural components to make buildings in high hazard wind or earthquake zones more flexible ## Footnote This approach mimics the flexibility observed in trees.
342
Fill in the blank: Flexibility allows trees to resist being deformed under strong forces like _______.
wind
343
What are some common fasteners used to hold components together?
Nails, screws, rivets, tacks, staples ## Footnote These fasteners utilize friction between the metal and surrounding material.
344
What is the primary mechanism by which nails, screws, rivets, tacks, and staples hold materials together?
Friction between the metal and the surrounding material ## Footnote This mechanism is essential in modern construction.
345
What is one advantage of using screws, tacks, and staples in construction?
They can be easily removed to dismantle a structure ## Footnote This feature is beneficial for temporary or adjustable constructions.
346
True or False: Riveted structures are common in modern construction for maximum strength.
True ## Footnote Steel framing often utilizes rivets for enhanced durability.
347
Fill in the blank: Modern structures are usually made of steel framing ______ together for maximum strength.
riveted ## Footnote This technique contributes to the structural integrity of buildings.
348
What materials are wood components often fastened with?
Nails and screws ## Footnote These fasteners are preferred for joining wooden elements.
349
What are some common fasteners used to hold components together?
Nails, screws, rivets, tacks, staples ## Footnote These fasteners utilize friction between the metal and surrounding material.
350
What is the primary mechanism by which nails, screws, rivets, tacks, and staples hold materials together?
Friction between the metal and the surrounding material ## Footnote This mechanism is essential in modern construction.
351
What is one advantage of using screws, tacks, and staples in construction?
They can be easily removed to dismantle a structure ## Footnote This feature is beneficial for temporary or adjustable constructions.
352
True or False: Riveted structures are common in modern construction for maximum strength.
True ## Footnote Steel framing often utilizes rivets for enhanced durability.
353
Fill in the blank: Modern structures are usually made of steel framing ______ together for maximum strength.
riveted ## Footnote This technique contributes to the structural integrity of buildings.
354
What materials are wood components often fastened with?
Nails and screws ## Footnote These fasteners are preferred for joining wooden elements.
355
What is the purpose of notches cut into logs in construction?
To ensure that the parts in the structure will remain tightly interlocked ## Footnote This technique is commonly used in furniture making for strong joints.
356
What is friction in the context of surfaces?
The force as two surfaces rub against one another.
357
How can the amount of friction be increased?
By increasing the area in contact.
358
What construction method allows wood to be joined together without screws or nails?
Interlocking pieces.
359
What is the purpose of notches cut into logs in construction?
To ensure that the parts in the structure will remain tightly interlocked ## Footnote This technique is commonly used in furniture making for strong joints.
360
What is friction in the context of surfaces?
The force as two surfaces rub against one another.
361
How can the amount of friction be increased?
By increasing the area in contact.
362
What construction method allows wood to be joined together without screws or nails?
Interlocking pieces.
363
What is a method of joining that actually changes the two surfaces being connected?
Bonding ## Footnote Bonding involves using a common material as a bonding substance between the surfaces.
364
Name three materials that can be used for bonding surfaces.
* Adhesive glue * Tape * Cement * Welds ## Footnote These materials create a bond between two surfaces when applied.
365
What type of tape is mentioned as a bonding material?
Tape with glue on one side ## Footnote This type of tape adheres to surfaces to create a bond.
366
How do some types of glue create a bond?
By dissolving the surfaces ## Footnote This process creates a chemical change that allows the surfaces to mix and harden together.
367
True or False: Welds only join materials without altering their surfaces.
False ## Footnote Welds create a bond by melting the surfaces of the materials, thus changing them.
368
Fill in the blank: Adhesive glue, tape, cement, and _______ are examples of bonding materials.
welds
369
What happens to the surfaces when glue is applied?
They mix and harden into one solid mass ## Footnote This occurs due to the chemical changes induced by the glue.
370
What are fixed joints?
Joints that are rigid to prevent any movement, created by methods like welding, cementing, gluing, or nailing ## Footnote Fixed joints are used in structures where stability is critical.
371
What methods can create fixed joints?
* Welding * Cementing * Gluing * Nailing ## Footnote These methods are chosen based on material, usage, and location.
372
What are movable joints?
Joints that are flexible or mobile, allowing parts of the structure to move as required ## Footnote Examples include hinges, pin joints, and human joints like knees and elbows.
373
Give examples of movable joints.
* Hinges * Pin joints * Flexible rubber tubing * Knees * Elbows * Shoulders ## Footnote Movable joints must withstand load and repeated movements.
374
Why might gluing not be appropriate for holding a fence together?
Gluing may not provide the required strength and durability for outdoor conditions ## Footnote Certain applications require stronger, more permanent methods.
375
True or False: Movable joints do not need to withstand load.
False ## Footnote Movable joints must still be able to withstand load and stress.
376
What influences the choice of joining methods in structures?
* Material of components * How the structure is to be used * Where it is to be located ## Footnote These factors help determine the most effective joining method.
377
Fill in the blank: The ultimate strength and stability of a structure depend on the right _______ and method of joining being used.
[materials] ## Footnote Selecting appropriate materials is crucial for structural integrity.
378
What is the importance of joint selection in structural design?
The selection of joints affects the movement, strength, and stability of the structure ## Footnote Proper joint selection is essential for the intended function of the structure.
379
What are fixed joints?
Joints that are rigid to prevent any movement, created by methods like welding, cementing, gluing, or nailing ## Footnote Fixed joints are used in structures where stability is critical.
380
What methods can create fixed joints?
* Welding * Cementing * Gluing * Nailing ## Footnote These methods are chosen based on material, usage, and location.
381
What are movable joints?
Joints that are flexible or mobile, allowing parts of the structure to move as required ## Footnote Examples include hinges, pin joints, and human joints like knees and elbows.
382
Give examples of movable joints.
* Hinges * Pin joints * Flexible rubber tubing * Knees * Elbows * Shoulders ## Footnote Movable joints must withstand load and repeated movements.
383
Why might gluing not be appropriate for holding a fence together?
Gluing may not provide the required strength and durability for outdoor conditions ## Footnote Certain applications require stronger, more permanent methods.
384
True or False: Movable joints do not need to withstand load.
False ## Footnote Movable joints must still be able to withstand load and stress.
385
What influences the choice of joining methods in structures?
* Material of components * How the structure is to be used * Where it is to be located ## Footnote These factors help determine the most effective joining method.
386
Fill in the blank: The ultimate strength and stability of a structure depend on the right _______ and method of joining being used.
[materials] ## Footnote Selecting appropriate materials is crucial for structural integrity.
387
What is the importance of joint selection in structural design?
The selection of joints affects the movement, strength, and stability of the structure ## Footnote Proper joint selection is essential for the intended function of the structure.
388
What is the primary function of bones in the human body?
To form a structural frame that supports and protects other parts of the body. ## Footnote Bones are hard and rigid materials with special properties suited for their function.
389
What connects the thigh bone to the shin bone?
Ligaments. ## Footnote Ligaments are strong, flexible connective tissues.
390
What is the role of cartilage at the ends of some bones?
To reduce friction and provide a smooth surface for movement. ## Footnote Cartilage helps absorb shock when bones bump together.
391
True or False: Cartilage is a hard material found in the human body.
False. ## Footnote Cartilage is flexible and reduces friction between bones.
392
Fill in the blank: _______ are bands of strong, flexible connective tissue that connect bones.
Ligaments.
393
What happens to cartilage when you fall off your bicycle?
It helps to absorb the shock of bones being bumped together. ## Footnote This function helps protect the bones from injury.
394
What type of material are bones classified as in the human body?
Hard and rigid materials. ## Footnote This structure is essential for support and protection.
395
How many muscles are in the human body?
656
396
What type of tissue are muscles made of?
Semi-solid fibrous tissue
397
What is the primary function of muscles?
Contracting (shortening) and relaxing
398
How are muscles attached to bones?
By tendons
399
What qualities do tendons share with ligaments?
Strong and flexible
400
What happens when a skeletal muscle contracts?
A bone moves
401
What is the function of heart muscle?
Contracts and pumps blood
402
What do digestive tract muscles do?
Contract and move food along
403
What type of joints allow movement in many directions?
Ball-and-socket joints
404
Which joints are found in the elbows and knees?
Hinge joints
405
What type of joints are in the spinal column?
Pivot joints
406
What type of joints are found in the wrists?
Gliding joints
407
What type of joints do not allow movement at all?
Immovable joints
408
Where are immovable joints found in the body?
Between the bones of the skull
409
Fill in the blank: Tendons hold muscles to _______.
bones
410
True or False: The heart muscle is a type of skeletal muscle.
False
411
What is the function of the skull in relation to immovable joints?
Protects the brain
412
What are the primary components that form a shell and frame structure in the human body?
Skin, bones, joints, and connective tissue
413
What are the key properties of skin?
Tough, flexible, waterproof
414
What is one of the main functions of skin?
Provides structural shelter
415
How does skin protect the body?
From harmful bacteria
416
What role does skin play in temperature regulation?
Through perspiration and shivering
417
What materials make up the structure of a tree trunk?
Several layers of different materials
418
What is the function of bark in a tree?
Protects the inner layers of the tree
419
Fill in the blank: Skin helps to _______ your body’s temperature.
regulate
420
True or False: Skin is only made of one type of material.
False
421
What does the structure of a tree trunk maintain?
Strength and stability
422
What does the term 'margin of safety' refer to in design?
The limits within which a structure's safety performance is felt to be acceptable ## Footnote It acknowledges that perfect safety is impossible.
423
How is the concept of margin of safety illustrated with vehicles?
Vehicles are designed to operate safely within speed limits but must also be safe at slightly higher speeds ## Footnote Example: A margin of safety might be 30 km/h or 40 km/h above the common speed limit.
424
What factors are considered when determining tire pressures in relation to margin of safety?
Size of tire, vehicle load, and increased temperature due to use, weather, or speed ## Footnote These factors help ensure tires function safely under various conditions.
425
What happens if tires are over-inflated for heavier loads?
The margin of safety has been decreased, increasing the risk of a blow-out ## Footnote Over-inflation can lead to reduced performance and safety.
426
How are building components designed with margin of safety in mind?
They must withstand three or four times their maximum intended load ## Footnote This principle is crucial for ensuring structural integrity.
427
True or False: Designers aim for perfect safety in all structures.
False ## Footnote It is acknowledged that perfect safety is impossible.
428
Fill in the blank: The margin of safety in vehicle design allows for operation at speeds _______.
slightly higher than the speed limit ## Footnote This ensures vehicles remain safe even when driven above standard limits.
429
What does the term 'margin of safety' refer to in design?
The limits within which a structure's safety performance is felt to be acceptable ## Footnote It acknowledges that perfect safety is impossible.
430
How is the concept of margin of safety illustrated with vehicles?
Vehicles are designed to operate safely within speed limits but must also be safe at slightly higher speeds ## Footnote Example: A margin of safety might be 30 km/h or 40 km/h above the common speed limit.
431
What factors are considered when determining tire pressures in relation to margin of safety?
Size of tire, vehicle load, and increased temperature due to use, weather, or speed ## Footnote These factors help ensure tires function safely under various conditions.
432
What happens if tires are over-inflated for heavier loads?
The margin of safety has been decreased, increasing the risk of a blow-out ## Footnote Over-inflation can lead to reduced performance and safety.
433
How are building components designed with margin of safety in mind?
They must withstand three or four times their maximum intended load ## Footnote This principle is crucial for ensuring structural integrity.
434
True or False: Designers aim for perfect safety in all structures.
False ## Footnote It is acknowledged that perfect safety is impossible.
435
Fill in the blank: The margin of safety in vehicle design allows for operation at speeds _______.
slightly higher than the speed limit ## Footnote This ensures vehicles remain safe even when driven above standard limits.
436
What is the purpose of a divider when packing two layers of small glasses in a box?
To resist bending under the load of the top layer of glasses and to keep the glasses upright. ## Footnote The divider must be both strong and smooth.
437
What shapes are considered strong for creating a support structure?
Triangles and arches. ## Footnote These shapes provide stability and strength.
438
What is the problem with using a folded piece of paper as a divider?
The folded surface would cause the top glasses to fall over. ## Footnote Stability of the glasses is compromised.
439
What is the solution to the packing problem described?
Combine a folded piece of paper with two smooth ones to create a sturdy divider. ## Footnote This creates a strong interior and a smooth exterior.
440
Define corrugation.
The process of forming a material into wave-like ridges or folds. ## Footnote Common examples include corrugated cardboard and corrugated metal.
441
What is lamination in the context of materials?
Laminating layers of a material together to create a strong bond. ## Footnote This process enhances the strength of the material.
442
Fill in the blank: The result of combining a folded piece of paper with two smooth ones is a _______.
sturdy divider.
443
True or False: Corrugated cardboard is an example of a material that has undergone corrugation.
True.
444
What is the main benefit of using a corrugated structure in packing?
Increased strength and support for the items being packed. ## Footnote This helps prevent damage during transport.
445
What is compression?
The process of reducing the size of an object by applying pressure ## Footnote Compression often results in the creation of ridges or folds.
446
What are common examples of compression?
* Corrugated cardboard * Corrugated metal ## Footnote These materials are designed to withstand compressive forces.
447
What is lamination?
Gluing layers of a material together to create a strong bond ## Footnote Laminated materials are stronger than a single piece of the same material of the same thickness.
448
How does lamination improve strength?
By overlapping, interlocking, and gluing members into single beams ## Footnote This method is often used in laminated beams made of short pieces of wood.
449
What is plywood an example of?
A laminated material ## Footnote Plywood typically consists of five or seven layers.
450
What is a common use of laminated materials in kitchen countertops?
A waterproof layer laminated onto wood ## Footnote This enhances durability and resistance to moisture.
451
What is automobile safety glass made of?
Two pieces of glass with a layer of plastic in the middle ## Footnote This design holds broken pieces of glass together upon impact.
452
What is the purpose of strengthening component arrangements?
To build stronger components when stronger materials are unavailable or unaffordable ## Footnote This can involve using different arrangements such as arches for added strength.
453
True or False: Laminated materials can be made from a single piece of material.
False ## Footnote Laminated materials are created by bonding multiple layers together.

1. Science 7 (5 decks)

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