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BMAT Biology > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the structure of the cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane

A

controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

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3
Q

what is an adaptation of the cell membrane that allows it to carry out its function

A

selectively permeable

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4
Q

describe the phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophillic head
hydrophobic tails
bilayer (two layers where legs in the middle and heads top and bottom)

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5
Q

what does the cytoplasm mainly consist of

A

mainly composed of water, salts and proteins

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6
Q

what is inside the cytoplasm

A

everything contained within the cell and outside the nucleus

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7
Q

what is the function of cytoplasm

A

provides a medium for cell activities and chemical reactions to take place

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8
Q

what is the structure of the nuclear envelope

A

double membrane perforated with pores

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9
Q

what is the structure of the nucleolus

A

densest part of nucleus

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10
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus

A

synthesises ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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11
Q

what is the function of the nucleoplasm

A

medium for chemical reactions to occur

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12
Q

what is the structure of chromatin

A

mass of long thread-like structures made up of DNA and protein

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13
Q

what is the function of chromatin

A

controls cell activities like cell division

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14
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A
  • encloses genetic material in the form of DNA
  • controls cell activities such as cell growth and repair of worn-out parts
  • essential for cell division
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15
Q

what is the structure of the mitochondria

A

smooth outer membrane, highly folded inner membrane with infoldings (cristae)

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16
Q

what is the purpose of the mitochondria structure

A

to increase surface area

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17
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

synthesises ATP from the oxidation of food substances via aerobic respiration to provide energy for cell activities

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18
Q

why does the mitochondria synthesise ATP

A

to provide energy for cell activities

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19
Q

what is the cell wall composed of

A

composed of cellulose

20
Q

what type of cells can you find the cell wall in

A

plant and prokaryotes

21
Q

what does the cell wall do

A

o supports and defines shape of plant cell
o protects cell from mechanical injury and invasion
o prevents excessive uptake of water

22
Q

what is the structure of a chloroplast

A

double membrane (chloroplast envelope)

23
Q

what are the components of the chloroplast envelope

A

inner membrane

outer membrane

24
Q

what occurs in the chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

25
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants make food

26
Q

describe photosynthesis

A

uses water and carbon dioxide as raw materials to produce oxygen and glucose in the presence of light

converts solar energy to chemical energy

27
Q

what is the vacuole structure

A

large central vacuole containing cell sap surrounded by tonoplast (single membrane)

28
Q

what is the vacuole function

A

o storage of organic compounds and inorganic ions
o disposal site for toxic metabolic by-products
o contains pigments
o cell growth and elongation as water accumulates

29
Q

in a prokaryotic cell, what is the cell wall composed of

A

composed of peptidoglycan, more complex than eukaryotic cells

30
Q

what is the function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells

A

o helps maintain cell shape

o protects the cell from osmotic lysis

31
Q

what is the form DNA takes in a prokaryotic cell

A

o no membrane-bound nucleus,
o genetic material (DNA) resides in region of nucleoid
o single, circular, double-stranded DNA

32
Q

what is the function of DNA within a prokaryotic cell

A

contains essential genes required for survival

33
Q

what is the structure of the plasmid

A

small, circular, double-stranded extrachromosomal DNA

34
Q

what is the function of the plasmid

A

contains beneficial genes which confer protective traits (e.g. antibiotic resistance, toxin synthesis and enzyme production)

35
Q

what are the protective traits of a prokaryotic cell

A

antibiotic resistance
toxin synthesis
enzyme production

36
Q

what are the purpose of cells

A

specialised for a particular function

37
Q

what is tissue

A

group of cells with similar structures which work together to perform a specific function

38
Q

what is simple tissue

A

Simple tissue: a group of cells of the same kind

39
Q

what are examples of simple tissue

A

e.g. muscular tissue, epithelial tissue

40
Q

what is complex tissue

A

Complex tissue: contains more than one type of cells

41
Q

what are examples of complex tissue

A

blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

42
Q

what is an organ

A

contains more than one type of tissue, all working together for a specific function (e.g. stomach)

43
Q

what is an organ system

A

consists of several organs working together for a common purpose (e.g. digestive system)

44
Q

what are the inner foldings of the mitochondria known as

A

cristae

45
Q

how is ATP formed

A

from the oxidation of food substances via aerobic respiration

46
Q

how are food substances oxidised by the mitochonrdia

A

aerobic respiration

BMAT Biology (10 decks)

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