B1

Question 1

What types of cell is an animal and plant cell

Answer 1

Eukaryotic

Question 2

What type of cell is a bacteria cell

Answer 2

Prokaryotic

Question 3

What sub cellular structures are in animal cells

Answer 3

Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

Question 4

What is the cytoplasm

Answer 4

Gel like substance where most chemical reactions take place

Question 5

What is the cell membrane

Answer 5

Semipermeable and controls what enters and leaves the cell

Question 6

What does the nucleus do

Answer 6

Contains DNA and controls what goes on in the cell

Question 7

What does the mitochondria do

Answer 7

Uses aerobic respiration to release energy from glucose

Question 8

What do ribosomes do

Answer 8

Create protein for the cell

Question 9

What structures do plant cells have

Answer 9

The same structure as animals cells but with three extra features
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Vacuole

Question 10

What does the cell wall do

Answer 10

Plant cells are filled up with water so a cell wall strengthens it so it doesn’t burst

Question 11

What is the vacuole

Answer 11

A bag of cell sap where water nutrients and waste products are stored. It helps the cell keep firm

Question 13

What are chloroplasts

Answer 13

Carries out photosynthesis. Chlorophyll traps sunlight so photosynthesis can occur

Question 14

What structures do ALL bacteria have

Answer 14

Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Loop of genetic material

Question 15

What is the division of prokaryotic cells called

Answer 15

Binary fission

Question 16

What structures do SOME bacteria have

Answer 16

Flagellum to swim
Slime capsule so airborne bacteria do not dry out

Question 17

Why are plasmids in bacteria useful

Answer 17

Enzymes can be used to cut out a piece of the plasmid and replace the DNA with a human one to create insulin

Question 18

What are chromosomes

Answer 18

Compacted strips of DNA

Question 19

What are genes

Answer 19

A part of DNA that codes for proteins

Question 20

What are DNA made out of

Answer 20

Genes

Question 21

Most of a cell cycle is getting ready for mitosis. True or false?

Answer 21

True

Question 22

How do cells prepare for mitosis

Answer 22

They Duplicate sub cellular structures

Question 23

Explain the process of mitosis

Answer 23

The nucleus disappears and the chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell
Spindal fibres pull 2 identical arms of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell
A neucleus forms around each set of chromosomes
A cytoplasm forms between and divides the cell into two identical daughter cells

Question 24

What is the centre of the cell called

Answer 24

Equator

Question 25

What is a haploid and diploid cell

Answer 25

Haploid- has half the amount of chromosomes( sperm and egg) Diploid- has a full set of chromosomes (every other cell)

Question 26

3 reasons why mitosis is needed

Answer 26

Growth Replace cells Repair tissue

Question 27

Why are some cell cycles different from others

Answer 27

Some cells do not need to be replaced as often

Question 28

Adaptations of root hair cells

Answer 28

Hair like extension to increase surface area Lists of mitochondria to fuel active transport Large vacuole for the water to move in

Question 29

Adaptations of red blood cells

Answer 29

Concave structure to maximise surface area Flexible to more through blood vessels No nucleus to increase capacity

Question 30

Adaptations of sperm cell

Answer 30

Enzymes in head to break through egg surface Flagellum to swim Lots of Mitochondria to fuel swimming

Question 31

Adaptations of nerve cell

Answer 31

Myelin sheath to insulate electrical signals Dendrites in the head to connect to other nerve cells Very long axon to send signals from spine to big toe

Question 32

What are the two types of muscle cells

Answer 32

Vonluntary - skeletal muscles involuntary - muscle in GI tract and cardiovascular system

Question 33

Skeletal muscles are..

Answer 33

Striated

Question 34

What do protein filaments in the muscles do

Answer 34

They help other fibres slide over each other when muscles contract

Question 35

Qualities of muscle cells

Answer 35

Many mitochondria Lots of glycogen reserves

Question 37

What are stem cells

Answer 37

Undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become any cell type

Question 38

What is the problem with using l’adulte bone marrow stem cells

Answer 38

They have a lack of variety of the cells they could become

Question 39

What is the problem with using embryonic stem cells

Answer 39

People belief it is morally wrong and embryos have to right to life Embryonic stems cells have a different DNA to the recipient so the patients body may reject the cells.

Question 40

What’s the name of the drugs that suppress a patient immune system if they receive embryo stem cells that haven’t been cloned

Answer 40

Immunosuppression drugs

Question 41

Why should embryonic stems cells be used

Answer 41

it can be turned into any human cell Most embryos are unwanted and we’re going to be destroyed anyway Therapeutic cloning makes it less dangerous and no immunosuppression drugs needed

Question 42

What is therapeutic cloning

Answer 42

The modification of an embryo to be genetically identical to the patient so stem cells can be harvested

Question 43

Process of therapeutic cloning

Answer 43

Remove the nucleus from any one of the patients cells Remove the nucleus from an egg Put the patients nucleus into the empty egg Slightly electric shock the egg to stimulate mitosis Stem cells extracted from zygote

Question 44

What does totipotent mean

Answer 44

Potential to become any cell

Question 45

Definition for osmosis

Answer 45

The movement of water particles across a partially permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration